Descriptive Essays vs. Narrative Essays Essay

Many people have different preferences on what type of writing style they think is more superior to another, I believe descriptive writing to be more excellent writing style then narrative. I can tell you that there are a few similarities and a few differences between the two. I prefer Descriptive essays, rather than narrative essays. In my belief, it’s that the descriptive essays are more effective when an author is trying to convey a story or get a message across than narratives. Descriptive essays keep the reader engaged throughout the story. It provides the reader with more in depth details, and it allows the reader to better envision the picture that the author is trying to paint. Descriptive and narrative essays have a few traits in common. Typically both almost make you feel as if you are present with the author. They both usually tell you of an event that the author went thru or a message the author wants you to receive. Whether you are reading the Personal Narrative or Descriptive Essay both are very creative form of writing. The difference between a narrative essay and descriptive essay is that the narrative essay is more catered to someone’s point of view in order to tell a story, whereas the descriptive essay describes a person or the place or an event by using vivid images. The writer describes a behavior or personality or uses our sense of smell, touch, sound, taste. Descriptive essays show a reader and do not tell them. Descriptive essays give a lot of details for instance, would you prefer to read an essay with a sentence like, â€Å"the girl ran down the street† or â€Å"the young girl ran down the street wearing light blue shorts and a white top, as her blonde hair blew in the wind†. The second sentence would catch a reader’s attention more than the first. This is a example as to why I believe descriptive essays are better than narrative essay, because they paint a better picture. â€Å"On Christmas Eve I saw that my mother had outdone herself in creating a strange menu. She was pulling black veins out of the backs of fleshy prawns. The kitchen was littered with appalling mounds of raw food: A slimy rock cod with bulging eyes that pleaded not to be thrown into a pan of hot oil. Tofu, which looked like stacked wedges of rubbery white sponges.  A bowl soaking dried fungus back to life. A plate of squid, their backs crisscrossed with knife markings, so they resembled bicycle tires.† Tan, A. (2013). This is an excerpt from the descriptive essay Fish Cheeks. When we as a writer provide our readers with such descriptive details you can almost picture yourself in that kitchen, and I became engaged from this point on. It is easy for the reader to get wrapped up in the story when the author is using descriptive language to paint a vivid picture. The audience can visualize the food, and the way it looks. Narratives are more direct and straight to the point, and that can cause a lot of readers to get lost or disengaged. A descriptive essay takes the dialogue to a different height by the details given by the author allowing us as a reader the ability to share the authors experiences by explaining and to show us rather than just telling us. When giving more details, the reader obtains more of the story. When reading the article I Want a Wife (Brady, 1971), the author gives a brief description of their friend who had recently become divorced and was now looking for a new wife. The author goes into explain how she also, would like a new wife. She then explains the â€Å"duties† her new wife would complete for her. The new wife would be preparing meals and keeping a clean home. Here comes my issue with this narrative, I am left wondering about this woman’s story. I want to know who she is. Is this description of her own marriage? What is her husband like? Is she not happy? Does she like being a wife? Narrative essay focus more on the information, and again telling the reader the story from the point to point they may use different forms of dialogue to convey this message to the audience. The author may use intriguing humor or tell the story first hand in first person to try to make the reader interested. The benefit of writing a story that contains many details is that it also allows the reader to visualize and feel the emotions that the author is trying to convey. The descriptive language presented in Fish Cheeks; the reader is able to visualize them as a fourteen year old who describes a Christmas Eve dinner when she as fourteen, how she felt when the boy she had a crush on, who, was also a minister’s son and his family had been invited to have a traditional Chinese dinner with her family. Her being afraid of what he would think of her and her culture, and of how she just wanted to fit in: When she finds out he is invited to dinner, she cries because she fears what he might think of her and her families Chinese  Christmas celebrations. Her fears came to life just as her mother brought out the steamed fish, with its eyeballs still on. Also, her father added to her worries by poking the fish’s cheeks and announcing that it was her favorite. When everyone left Amy’s mother handed her a gift a mini skirt, and told Amy that she could look like an American girl on the outside, but she would remain a Chinese girl on the inside , saying to Amy â€Å"Your only shame is to have shame.† It was a lesson that she would understand many years later. When Amy describes, this all I can visualize every piece of her story. In conclusion, by the author providing descriptive language and more in depth details to captivate and engage their audience, and by also allowing the reader to become wrapped up in the moments and emotions being depicted and painted throughout the story and providing a more engaging experience for the reader, this means to me that a descriptive essay is more beneficial than a narrative essay. A descriptive essay has a larger and long lasting impression and impact on the reader, and the audience walks away as if they just lived the story or event described themselves. It not only has that but, also the message that the author was trying to convey been instilled into the reader to remember forever. References Tan, A. (2013). Fish cheeks. Retrieved from http://redroom.com/member/amy-tan/writing/fish-cheeks Brady, J. (1971). I want a wife. Retrieved from http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/everythingsanargument4e/content/cat_020/Brady_I_Want_a_Wife.pdf

Analyzing the effectiveness and drawbacks of current Land

Most of the prevailing laws or bills regarding land acquisition, resettlement, compensation, ululation seem inadequate and sources of lot of discordance. This research proposal seeks to analyze the impact of such acts and the reasons of protest and agitations by the affected people. It also aims to find out alternative solutions for such critical issues. In this research study the stakeholders are identified along with their stakes and various literature are analyzed to suggest a methodology for further research and to propose a common ground for amicable discussion and understanding of individual interests.Keywords Land acquisition, rehabilitation, resettlement, consent, compensation, voluntary acquisition, eminent domain, replacement value, public purpose, land valuation, market pricing 4 page Problem Description The 2011 Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill , though well- intentioned, was seriously flawed. It attached an arbitrary mark-up to the historical mar ket price to determine compensation amounts.This will guarantee neither social justice nor the efficient use of resources. The Bill also place d unnecessary & strict conditions on land acquisition, like restrictions on the use of multi-cropped land and insistence on public purpose, all of which would hinder the pace of development thou promoting the interests of farmers. Many such flaws are tried to be addressed in ?The right to fair compensation and transparency in land acquisition, rehabilitation and resettlement act, 20131.While the process of industrialization is facing many problems that en De to be solved, the problem of land for industry and urban development is the most critical one. The fact is that people depend on land not only as title holders but also as landless laborers and share croppers, for natural resources and cultural inputs, for preservation of artisans and age old technologies, for community and family congregation. Often land is taken away without adequate co mpensation or without adequate opportunities for affected people to grow and resettle with dignity.This is inhuman and leads to all kind of contentious issues that have surfaced within the people move into cities, a trend that cannot be stopped, there has to be proper town planning and proper growth of our urban centre?a process that will increase the importance of land. 5 Page Problem Structuring Definitional Issues The experts felt that the bill does not clearly define what constitutes ‘rural' and ‘ urban' areas. This omission is bound to lead to litigation. It is essential to plug this loophole. The law still does not define or elaborate ?public purposes and again gives the State a free hand on this.Without defining the term ?urgency it makes special provisions for compensation if land is acquired under the ?urgency† provision. Also terms like ?eminent domain] (vests sovereign ownership of all land and natural resources embodied in the state, felicitating compul sory takings), ?replacement value], ?willing/unwilling seller] are ambiguous. Consent Consent' to sell?both in government and private and public-partnership projects APP)?is among the most contentious issues in land acquisition. What percentage of landowners consent is required?Should it be required from all land users (e. G. Those dependent on land like agricultural workers, wage laborers, artisans and landless peasants) or only from the land losers? Compensation The current scheme of compensation that the bill has laid down is two times the market price for urban areas and four times the market price for rural areas. These figures were arrived at without any rationale, from a ?top down approach. Affected people have no say on any aspect of the transaction?whether they want to give up he land or what would be a fair price.Institutional Support To understand the position of stakeholders and their needs in order to device a fair solutions, a three-tier institutional structure was moo ted: one for suggesting proposals, one for dialogue and another for decision-making. First one would include think-tanks or academic research organizations which use data, analyses it and make recommendations. Second one would bring 6 Page stakeholders together to deliberate on their respective positions. Finally, the last institution would be given the authority, constitutionally or organizationally, to take final decisions.Transparency would facilitate better evaluation, selection and determination of the market price for land as well as sharing of incremental gain from land development with affected people. Process efficiency implies clarity in legislation which would result in less litigation and realistic deadlines for all parties involved. On viability, there is a need to reach a common ground between the acquirer's right to profit and compensation rights. The experts held that companies acquiring land for public- private partnerships should be given limited control rights. St akeholder map Farmers / Residents Politicians MediaShare croppers Fisherman/ boatman Agricultural laborers Land acquisition for industrial/ developmental/ mining projects Tribal Environmental activists Industrialists Local population Citizens Government 71 page Specific stakeholder and Stake identification Stakeholders Farmers, Residents Stakes Lose the most, as they gives away their land, and don't get future benefits; farmers lose their basic earning activity With not enough land on their own, they need others' land for cultivation Termed as unskilled labor, their livelihood is at stake with decreased agricultural land, more so as they are mainly landless laborsTheir whole livelihood and culture exist around the region they live, as they are mostly dependent on the natural resources; more ever they normally do not have title to land, thus losing out all the benefits Without land, they can't build new plant, also without mining they have to depend upon foreign industrialists Respon sible for both growth & development with restrained inflation and preservation of environmental balance, ecology & citizens' rights Face maximum brunt of degraded environment, inflation, land scarcity Local population/ Directly impacted by industrial waste and effluence, restricted movement wrought land, absence of grazing ground/water body, increased land price Environment Worried with increased industrial waste & pollution and adverse effect on activist nature & biodiversity due to mass land acquisition for mining/industry Main source of information dissipation since internal and local information is seldom spread by industry or Gobo. Cross the county A major influence in creating public opinion on this issue, plus their vote banks can be determined by how they handle such cases 8 | Page Displaced people BOOT graph Pollution Amount Land price Industrial growth Biodiversity Job for agricultural labor Time Literature review Maturities Ghats and Apparatchiks Gosh, in an article (Octo ber, 2011) have analyzed the land laws and current situations and in their opinion the use of market price for voluntary transactions as a proxy for owners' value in forced acquisitions is measured by experts but rather a subjective quantity – it is whatever the owner deems it to be. They proposed an alternative approach allowing farmers to determine their land price, chose compensation in either cash or land and reallocate the remaining land in most efficient manner. It involves a land auction covering not only the project site but also the surrounding agricultural land.The advantages they put forward is that it is less coercive, it gives strong incentive to bid truthfully, it allows farmers to incorporate their own estimates of future land price inflation into their bids, thereby minimizing the chance of losing out compared to the neighborhood farmers. It also provides an option to leave the land remain as agricultural one incase acquisition effort fails. 9 | Page Vanish Ku mar in his June, 2011 article in PEP, has highlighted the violence in land acquisition by the government and UP government policy on this matter. According to him all episodes of agitation and demands are politicized and farmers find homeless entrapped in a situation where leaders encourage and support their agitations but do very little to tackle the problems. He considered State's role as a ?venture capitalist].He cited the UP policy as best among existing in the country. It introduced a process of negotiations in Greater Oneida with the local farmers leading to signing of a deed. The new policy makes land acquisition more profitable for the farmer defining the State as a mere facilitator. He provided scope for improvement, especially as small farmers and agricultural laborers have very little to gain in this hole procedure, but mentioned the fact that political parties have no intention to make consensus effort on this issue. Ashcan Inhaling and Edit Was (August, 2011)) mentioned the fact that often land-titles are unclear and identifying parties eligible for compensation is rendered difficult.All across the world, the state is gifted with the power to acquire land for public purpose by providing compensation to the landholders. This power directly vested in the constitution (in US, Australia and China) or, is specified in enacted legislation (in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore). However the terms like _ public repose' are ambiguous. Countries like France, Japan, China, Mexico and India explicitly enumerate situations and projects under which land can be acquired or appropriated by the state for public use, whereas Malaysia, Brazil, US, UK and Singapore provide a more generic definition. Also the valuation and acquisition methods differ across the nations. In valuation, net income from land, original use, market value all such aspects are taken into consideration.Countries like Philippines where legal systems are not robust, land market is not well develo ped, or active reliable information in unavailable, 101 page ?replacement value (amount it would cost to replace the asset with a similar asset) technique. It is not easy to discern a set of international best practices with respect frameworks and philosophies laid down in the statutes should be treated as guidelines, incorporating flexibility into the land acquisition processes. Also they mentioned about the delaying in payment of the solarium to affected parties, which leads to dissatisfaction and consequent protests. They proposed negotiation in valuation, compensation, partnering, pool together (land pooling though farmers) many such methods.They cited the Pun example where 123 farmers pooled gather 400 acres of farmland along with a private limited company to build Magistrate city. Here the farmers continue to own the land, own shares in the company and collect dividends on these shares as well as rents from the tenants in the city (Magma, 2008). In an Editorial ? , Economic & Political Weekly] (PEP, August, 2011), the editor cited farmer agitation and state atrocities regarding land acquisition in Maharajah's. Farmers here had given land for Pun-Iambi express highway and similar projects in past, but they have grown steadily distrustful of the government's intentions due to unfulfilled promises.The state government's mishandling of the Naval farmers' agitation and the subsequent police firing causing death of three farmers was exceptionally inept. In Naval, they fear that they will no longer get water from the Pain dam which irrigates their land. Greater the fear about water meant for agriculture being diverted to industry or urban areas is also root-cause of their protests against the Sophia power project in Martial, which requires large amount of water from the Upper Ward dam. Going by the past record of most governments, people have a reason to be distrustful. Voluntarily surrender land for rejects provide no tangible benefits to them. A credible alte rnative to protect their livelihood and a proper compensation plan must be at place. 1 Page Augusta Marti (December, 2010) attempted to solve a key economic problem regarding land acquisition deals using some mathematical models incorporating the logic of an ?annuity or a ?royalty]. It has to do with the claim of the landowner over the future value of land once it is sold and put to alternative use. It also addressed to the adaptation of the so-called â€Å"Harlan† model that relies on predetermined annual payments to the farmers. His argument is that the government will tax a portion of the increased value from the buyer and redistribute it to the landowner acting as a legal taxing authority and not as a negotiator. In this case though the seller will forfeit his property right to the buyer, but will have a rightful claim on the capital gain tax.He also proposed to make this _claim paper' as traceable in market. He suggested for using a part of the taxation infrastructure at the central level for evaluating capital-gains on land and creating accounts exclusively for this purpose taking the buyer, the seller, the government and the option trader into confederacy to ensure that funds raised do not go towards other kinds of fiscal replenishments. Also one can track the transactions between the seller and the option trader. This option as a traceable instrument can satisfy the poor farmers without binding the buyers of land. Stowage Karakas (October, 2011) has seen the market exchange process acting as the main domain of mediating social relationships.He deciphered three interrelated problems with this political/policy position: absence of market for a particular land, non-availability of quantitative standard or reference to measure against Just and fair imposition, consent is not always a natural will as it has political significance beyond liberalism. According to him state must stay away from creating political condition to receive individual consent, rather it should accept the limitations of law and policy in resolving certain contentious issues, and remain open to contingency, by conferring priority to the democratic values of disagreement, dissent and 121 page plurality of modes of existence, only then it will learn to withdraw from prior commitment to any particular rationality and ideology. Ram Sings (May, 2012) has focused on laws that govern the acquisition and transfer f agricultural land for other purposes.He cited the history of eminent domain in India as unmitigated abuses of the law, which remains archaic and ambiguous. Also the callous approach taken by land acquisition collectors (LAG) to determine compensation is a point of discordant. In current situation lot of institutional hurdles like change-in-land-use (CLUB) clearance from the state government, other regulatory clearances from local authorities are there that thwart voluntary transactions. He argued that this is the reason the project developers are better- off bribing the powers that get them to acquire the needed land. He also mentioned poor land records and high transaction cost of individual land transfer.He suggested collective bargaining with the owners or their representatives, cost of compensation be paid by the entity benefiting from the acquisition, initial compensation itself should be determined in light of all of the relevant information, such as type of land, its future value, records of the sale deeds etc. He also argued for the reduction of compulsory acquisition. Colic Gonzales (August, 2010) has indicated the states' prerogative in becoming an estate agent of the companies for acquiring land for them. He analyzed land acts and the outcomes in chronological phases. According to him the Judiciary appears to have misread the mood in the country, providing _ public interest' the widest possible scope. Instead of mass protest, superior Judiciary remained unmoved, stuck to their notions of development unresponsive to the di stress of farmers, tenants and agricultural laborers.According to him, the way forward for Judiciary is to hold that irrespective of the contribution by government, all acquisitions for companies must follow Part VII of the Land Acquisition Act (ALA), which is 131 page acquisition for a company. This is understandable since State governments have come under total corporate control that their first priority is to spend large sums of state funds to assist corporations in the acquisition of lands using the Act. Cantata Lair-Duty, Radii Krishna, Ensnare Mad (February, 2012) in an article in owned companies for resource extraction in Shorthand and sighted that cosmetic changes in mineral governance laws are inadequate to protect the interests of the poor.Granting of mining blocks to private companies for ?captive] coal mining has thoroughly neglected the rights of the tribal. The state equates coal with national placement, energy security and hence strategic sovereignty to avoid the mora l quandary. By virtue of Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition and Development) Act (CUBA), coal mining generally supersedes the community rights. Thus states change to ?broker states from the old developmental state. Coercion by both company representatives and state agencies is a characteristic of land acquisition in Shorthand. Apart from changes in land-use pattern and the creation of wastelands, mining causes large number of physical and occupational displacement, a fact that state seldom document correctly or address.Environment impact assessment (EIA) remains a toothless safeguard, not documenting possible impacts on local water availability nor assessing the ground-level impact of air pollution on surrounding communities and vegetation. The procedure never takes into account the tribal history, identity and livelihood entwined with the land. It has pushed many tribes into the verge of extinction. According to the authors, only a convoluted logic can equate coal mining by private co mpanies with public purpose or national interest. They asked for a new mineral extractive paradigm, one that does not inflict deep mounds on nature and people. They also asked for the consultation with gram Kasbah and consent of tribal communities for any mining project, 141 Page with the view of optimizing the level of royalties and consequent benefits to impacted communities.OSHA Rampant (November, 2011) has observed that by beginning with the premise that acquisition is inevitable and priority for industrialization, arbitration and infrastructure development, the LARK Bill 2011 has neglected the interest of the land losers. She raised question about state's legitimacy in facilitating the land rangers the way it does. She questions state's relationship with the land, whether it is a landlord, an owner, a trustee, a holder of land, a manager or what? She argued for the _affected families' who are dependent on forests or water bodies and which includes gatherers of forest produce, h unters, fisheries and boatmen and (those whose) livelihood is affected due to acquisition of land. Infant families who got land under any government scheme are also included.She also cited the effect of diluting ‘The Forest Rights Act 2006†² which helps in land acquisition through change of public repose -where acquisition is based on one purpose but it is used for another purpose. Another bill, _ The Land Titling Bill 2011' shifts the onus of keeping the records updated, even loss of acknowledgement of title to the land or interest in the land from the state to the individual. According to the author this bill is an attempt at communications of land, making it traceable in the land market. Michael Levine (March, 2011) has highlighted the controversies over Sees and large private mining projects in eastern India. According to him, the proposed amendments to the Land

Analysis of the Idea to Use More Automation in Business

Analysis of the Idea to Use More Automation in Business Through studying business and computer science, I hope to make the world around us a better place with technology. I believe that better technology and more automation will always improve our lives, and will serve as the great equalizer for all marginalized people. My interest is bridging the gap between technology and business particularly in venture capital and investment strategies. Women are often discriminated against when seeking venture capital for their business or idea, and I believe this is a huge opportunity for value creation both for investors and for the world. My long-term goal is to develop an application that uses AI to guide venture decisions, allowing for startups to be judged on merit and destroying the glass ceiling for female and minority entrepreneurs. Although Im not a particularly math-oriented person, I have had a passion for computer engineering and have since a very young age. Attending entrepreneurship conferences and trade shows as well as going to an engineering program in high school has shown me how male-dominated the field can be, and despite being a man myself, I see the losses we take. I’ve seen this very personally: throughout middle school, I was involved with my moms startup company, helping where I could and even pitching to potential investors and customers. However, as a barely 53 woman, she had a very hard time being taken seriously despite the momentum she was gaining, and she could no longer afford to run it. This got to me, but I couldnt place why until I started my own last year: even as a student, I was taken seriously and talked to as an equal by nearly everyone, even local businesspeople. Seeing this difference has made me realize the discrepancy between the sexes in small business and instilled in me a drive to correct it.

Carpe Diem in Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carpe Diem in Poetry - Essay Example Each path will take him to a very different destination, but from where he is standing at this point he doesn’t know the end result. He is pondering which road is his choice. Should he take the road most travelers take; or should he take the road a little different. He probably anticipates what his future holds, but will always wonder where the other road can carry him. However, if he takes the road expected of him and it doesn’t work out, â€Å"Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back;† he doubts if he will have the opportunity to make another choice. But yet in the last stanza he made his decision; he took the road that not many take, and apparently it worked out well. As time has moved on, he was not given a chance for another choice. However, he is happy with the outcome of his chosen path. Considering the line, â€Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh,† what does this mean? When the future comes, and I look back on my life and what could have been, did I make the right decision? How could my life have been different if I had taken another path? The fact remains you have to make a decision and no one knows what the outcome. When you come to the end of your life you realize that you don’t know what the right choice is until it’s all over. ... Looking at â€Å"To his Coy Mistress,† Andrew Marvell is truly taken by the beauty of this woman. â€Å"My vegetable love should grow,† he is comparing his love to how you grow to love vegetables. It’s a feeling that sustains the body, mind and soul. He adores this woman and wants to be with her, and he is telling her that he wants to show his heart. He, however, wants to make sure that everything is perfect for them. In the second paragraph, the mood changes a little and he is feeling that time is nearing and he wants to move things along a little quicker. He is afraid that if he waits too long he will not have the chance to be with her and show his love. In the third and final paragraph, he turns back to his feelings for the woman and how deeply he feels. â€Å"Our sweetness, up into one ball; And tear our pleasures with rough strife,† he wants to be with her in whatever life throws at them. In this paragraph Marvell shows â€Å"carpe diem,† to se ize the moment. He is saying that no one knows what life will bring, but that we can seize the present moment and make our own life together. We can grab the fire of life and move forward together. In Robert Herrick’s â€Å"To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time,† he puts it in a very simple form. â€Å"Gather ye rosebuds while ye may,† means to take advantage of youth while you have the chance, don’t wait until you are old and to much time has passed. The rose symbolizes life, and the bud virgins, the cycles of nature that represent the cycles of life. Just as life changes through cycles, youth, adulthood, marriage, children, and death; so does a rose. A rose sprouts buds and produces a flower, and eventually withers and loses it petals. He also states that with youth the, â€Å"blood

Comparative Politics 4 Current events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Comparative Politics 4 Current events - Essay Example She had criticized the opinion polls for giving wrong information. She wanted to convince her supporters that she was only the right candidate for the post as the other two candidates were only fit for other big business. The major thing that she wanted to bring out was the monopoly the banks and financial systems had experienced. Marine Le Pen reminded the supporters about the collapsed government of Holland earlier that week. The collapse was based on detestation of immigrants and Islam. The article continues to bring out Wilders and Le Pen as people who joined the right parties that propelled them to victory. Economic crisis is influencing politics in many parts of the world. It is shown the many factors that influence voters during election time. These range from debts and globalization. Popular people who were considered the right candidate for a similar financial position come from nations that have well established welfare states such as Austria, Denmark or Finland. Such popul ar people like Pia Kj?rsgaard from Denmark make promises of availing public spending and introducing immigration controls. Such measures cannot be welcomed easily in America. Americans expect to hear proposals about tax that penalize the deprived and favor the affluent. Americans are used to listening to high expending on bombs and social issues like gay marriage in election time. The Americans were awakened by the 2008 crash and the Tea Party. The working class people are no longer fooled by empty promises on social security issues. They now understand business and the role of the government. Capitalism is witnessed by even the poor as they differentiate between donated money in commerce and the associated cost when things do not work out. The Americans need to stop fearing Islam and stop focusing more on constitution of the government so as to understand factors that Europe base on when they campaign for elections. Europe base more on economic decline or growth, globalization and political stability. The importance of this current event to world politics is that it enables people to appreciate the main factors that are based on within politics. Supporters came to understand the factors Europe puts upfront: economic growth, globalization and political stability. At the same time, Americans came to hear only of proposals on tax favoring the rich, high spending on bombs and usual social issues. This makes them to stick to principles that are conservative and tend to be enduring in every aspect. If American politicians could understand the same parameters as those Europeans, public sectors will be saved from destruction. And even the corporations will aim at benefitting the voters more than the politicians. Obama, Romney skip taxpayer money for campaign obtained from: http://content.usatoday.com/communities/onpolitics/post/2012/04/mitt-romney-public-financing-presidential-campaign-/1 This article presents this current event as one of its kind in the entire world . The author states that ever since 1976, all campaigns for the post of the president in United States of America will not use money raised by the taxpayer. The two major parties in United States of America; Republican Party as well as Democratic Party have decided to use other means of financing their nominated Presidential aspirants. Republican National Committee’

DB4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DB4 - Essay Example Objectives Our aim is to introduce a new operating system in the market and eventually gather a market share. To accomplish that, we need to: establish an offline and online presence by writing product articles for print and new media, establish networks with probable clients through conferences, and establish business relationships by partnering with other software development companies. Competitive Environment and Analysis Different categories of computers use different operating systems and the market share varies widely from one category to another (e.g. Desktop and laptop computers, mobile devices, etc.). The main players, however, in the operating system market are Microsoft Windows, Linux, Unix, and Apple. As of the last quarter of 2010, the combined market share of these companies for different categories is around 95%. While most of these companies have huge market shares in desktop computers and mobile devices, our operating system specializes in customized applications whi ch include car entertainment systems, DVD players, and corporate computers, to name a few. Target Market The primary target market for our product is original equipment manufacturers (OEMs).

Doing the assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Doing the assignment - Essay Example This trend is exemplified by Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler 1 in which the United States Supreme Court held that antitrust disputes arising from international contracts are arbitrable. The court reached this conclusion against the background of a long line of U.S. cases that considered antitrust law fundamental to the ideological and economic integrity of the United States. 2 Underlying the Supreme Court’s decision in Mitsubishi was the presumption that the arbitrators in the case would respect the imperative provisions of the U.S. Sherman Act (which embodies U.S. antitrust principles), despite the fact that the applicable law in the case was Swiss Law. It thus seems that the increasing acceptance of international arbitration as a legitimate alternative to litigation implies an expectation on the part of States that arbitrators will, like judges, respect the basic notions of justice and in appropriate cases apply the mandatory provisions of relevant laws. It is one thing to grant parties the power to organize their dispute resolution process in a manner compatible with their objectives; it is a different matter to suggest that parties to an international arbitration are entirely free from the demands of public policy and fundamental provisions of relevant laws. 3 The integrity of international arbitration and its endurance as a viable alternative to litigation would seem to rest on arbitrators’ continual respect for public policy of States whose legitimate interests are implicated in arbitration disputes. Arbitrators therefore have to balance their respect for the autonomy of the parties’ will with the need to apply mandatory provisions of laws that are relevant to the dispute. In this chapter, we will examine the impact of mandatory rules in resolving the merits of a dispute before international arbitrators. The problem posed by mandatory rules in international arbitration will be put in perspective by

Science Fiction Film Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Science Fiction Film - Research Paper Example Science fiction is the source of entertainment as well as effective way of conveying message to the society. According to Sobchack "science fiction cinema is an important source to understand the history of spatial and temporal transformation of the city as it has been experienced by the spectators in USA, from the 1950’s to the present, from modernism to postmodernism." (Vivian Sobchack 1999) Animal Ethics: Man is supposed to be the most powerful animal in the world. Of course his power lies in his intellectuality and most advanced brain. Being most powerful animal of the planet, he started assuming that he has a right to exploit flora and fauna of the earth. He has forgotten the ethics of behaving with animals and plants, which are the inseparable elements of our eco system and our planet. Animals and other living things on the earth are being used by man for his selfish deeds. While using them, he even does not think about their emotions. The animals are being used in film productions, circuses, for food testing, for experiments etc. They are harassed by the man. Prior to technological advancement, the hobby of the medieval people was hunting. In India innumerable wild animals were hunted just for the hobbies of princes, kings, and people from rich and royal families which culminated into the extinction of animals like Chitah. After scientific revolution the entertainment habits changed but animal harassment still continued. Movies became the major and influential source of entertainment. The animals are frequently used in films. The film producer tries to be close to authenticity. Hence in many films the animals are used. To represent the animal character on screen, the animals are exploited. During the shot, the director cannot tell the animals to act in a certain way. The animals on the other hand are provoked so that they would behave in a certain way. Sometimes they are terrified. At that time it is not their acting but the real terror they feel during the shot. If there is a shot of falling of animals, it is not manipulated fall but real fall in which they are injured and their pains are real. These animals are treated like slaves. Sometimes if it is a demand of the script, they are too often killed on screen for effective cinematography. Number of films has killed animals for the sake of the authentic cinematography. The animals such as horses, apes, pigs, cows, birds and many more animals are killed. Some films who used the animals are Godard’s Weekend, Coppola’s Apocalypse Now, Inarritu’s Babel, Haneke’s Cache etc. When the use of animals is on rampant the film Planet of Apes really shows a very sensible approach of not using animals even in the roles of animals. Almost all the non human roles are played by the human beings. Our research paper discusses the protocols related to the treatment given to the animals by human beings. These protocols are discussed by comparing two films which are b ased on animal world. First movie is â€Å"The Planet of Apes† (Franklin J. Schaffner 1968) and 12 Monkeys (Terry Gilliam 1995). The Planet of Apes is reviewed by some

Q mthds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Q mthds - Essay Example (Weiss, 2004) For me, statistics are everywhere around us in this world. We face a lot of situation which involves statistics and more particularly descriptive statistics in our lives. In fact this interaction with statistics is so frequent that it is often very difficult to spend even hours of our lives without having to look at statistics or descriptive statistics. The reason behind statistics being all around us, confines in the daily activities or routine tasks, which we go through. For example, suppose we are watching a match involving our favorite NBA team, Lakers. Before the match we are going to make some inferences. These inferences will be based on the basis of statistics are more importantly descriptive statistics. For example, to say Lakers is going to win will be based on certain variables that both the Lakers and the opposing team possess. For example, our inferences could be based on the fact that on average, Lakers is scoring more baskets than the opposing team. Simil arly it can be on the basis that the players of Lakers such as Bryant and Gosol are taller than the players of opposing team. It could be any reason based on the variable between the two teams. If we define variable, it is used to define certain characteristics that differ from one person to another or from one entity to another. This is how we can use statistics as tool to make inferences in our daily life and gives us a little idea about how important statistics can be. From the above example, it has become really clear that statistics play vital role in our daily lives. The above example might not affect our lives greatly but think about certain situation where using the techniques of descriptive statistics can make our lives better, if we apply the right techniques to a data and make inferences which might benefit us. Let's now take an example of a company which trades stocks in NYSE. Suppose that the market is bullish and shares prices are rising. This increase could be graphed as the following diagram: Source: http://www.nasdaq.com/ Date: 28 September 2009 The above diagram shows the data of NYSE index on a 28 September 2009. From the above data, we can see that the market has reached peak at 1'o'clock. By the use of descriptive statistics and comparing the data of several days, we may come to a conclusion that NYSE reaches its peak each day at 1'o'clock and can disburse all the investment before 1'o'clock to make huge profits. This will create a motivation for the company to invest in the shares by large amount to maximize its profits. However, suppose that the market has a trend that after reaching a certain point it goes down or loses its value. (Orr, 1995) If this trend line or line of best fit, which is a part of descriptive statistics, is known, it will provide this company comprehendible information about not only the timings and compositions of optimum investment in NYSE, but will also tell the company when to divest from the market, before the market indices start to fall. This is how giant brokers operating New York Stock Exc hange make the use of descri

The different stakeholders Essay Example for Free

The different stakeholders Essay Introduction In this task, I will be talking about the different stakeholders of the two organisations. I have chosen the two organisations are the Harris Academy Peckham and Tesco’s. I will introduce with this two organisations and explain what are their stockholders, listing the internal and external stakeholders and describing their stakeholders. Harris Academy Peckham Introduction Harris Academy Peckham is one of many Academies under the Harris federation. Harris Academy is a not-for-profit charity with almost twenty five years’ experience of primary, secondary and sixth form education in and around London. This charity was created by Lord Harris of Peckham. He and his family take an active interest in every Harris Academy, supporting the Academy financially and with their time. Sponsors Harris Academy Peckham is sponsored by Lord Harris. He wanted to give good education to children in London, and he want to give full education from primary to sixth form and he started GCSEs and A-Levels in Harris Academy Peckham but the Harris Academy Peckham is government funded and they appoints head teachers in school to take over and run properly and they are government bodies. Government Harris Academy Peckham is a non-profit organisation. Harris Academy Peckham is funded by government because is a public sector and it’s kind of a charity. The Harris Academy Peckham get fund by the government for the student’s education and with the help of government the school run because  school have to pay the wages of the teachers and others staff. Employee Harris Academy Peckham has enough employees to teach the students and the employees are very qualified and able to handle as many students. Harris Academy Peckham has employees their employees with good offering salary. Parents Harris Academy Peckham main customers are the person who’s leaving in the local area and the parents who’s in the local community. The Harris Academy Peckham is a secondary and sixth form school where the parents always were worrying about their children’s educations and them always looking for a better place where they can easily find a good school. Harris Academy Peckham has got lots a good community where the school have good number of students in the school. Tesco Introduction Tesco PLC is a British multinational grocery and general merchandise retailer headquartered in Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, England, and United Kingdom. It is the third largest retailer in the world measured by profits and second-largest retailers in the world measured by revenues. Shareholders and founders Jack Cohen founded Tesco’s in 1919 from a market stall in London’s East End. Over the year our business has grown and Tesco’s now operate in 12 countries around the world. An American Depositary Share (ADS) is a US dollar-denominated form of equity ownership in Tesco; it represents Ordinary Share on deposit in the United Kingdom (UK). Supplier Piloting Supply from Chain Impact Assessments with suppliers in China, Thailand and the UK, allowing Tesco and its suppliers to better understand their impact on the lives of factory workers and communities associated with the supply chain so Tesco can replicate successes, helping to support better jobs and working conditions. The Tesco also have the UK suppliers such as from the farm and others supplies. Tesco also have their own farms and where  they get some of the vegetables and other dairy product supplies. Government The government affairs team so they can engage effectively on political developments and policy formulation in Westminster and the devolved assemblies. Government team also help to check policy changing and delaying with, and also in other financing information. The government get lots of tax, NI income for their employee and other taxes from the Tesco’s Employees The Tesco operation in the UK is the largest in the group, and 310,000 employees. Tesco have various type of job for all kind of people and the Tesco employee part-time and full-time employees, and they have plenty of employees in their stores to help their customers. Customers Tesco have many stores in the UK. The Tesco have many customers and they have record for their customers by asking them to register and be a club member and with that help the Tesco have all information about the customers. The Tesco gives many discounts and offers to attract their customers and the customers also enjoy with the Tesco and customers have many choices to buy their groceries, home products and electronic products.

General Swimming Fitness Testing

General Swimming Fitness Testing Science can help fine tune the athlete, as in the end even a few hundredths of a second often decide the result of races. An exercise physiologist, strength coach or fitness trainer uses the science of muscle physiology and training to prepare the swimmer physically for their competition. There are many aspects to a race, and the training needs to address each of these. The muscles should be prepared to enable the quickest reaction time at the start. The swimmer must have the strength and power for a powerful explosive start, and quick and powerful turn, while also possessing the stamina (aerobic endurance) to maintain their speed in the throughout the race. The importance of each of these physical aspects of the swimmer depends on the race distance and technique. Strength training should address the specific muscles used, such as the gluteus maximus and quadriceps which are important at the start and at each turn. The shoulder, chest and back muscles which generate about 85% of the swimmers power, are also critical. While in the kick, the hamstring and quadricep muscles maintain body balance and the horizontal body position. Fitness Tests Fitness is a vitally important component of success in swimming. There are many components of fitness that make up a good swimmer, importance of each of these depends on the race distance and stroke. The fitness tests used to test a swimmer should also reflect the range fitness components, and the interpretation of the results should also be relative to the importance of each of these attributes. Body Size and Shape swimmers are usually tall and relatively lean. Some body fat is not a hindrance as it can add to buoyancy in the water. The usual anthropometric measures for swimmers would include: 1.1 height, procedure: measurement the maximum distance from the floor to the highest point on the head, when the subject is facing directly ahead. Shoes should be off, feet together, and arms by the sides. Heels, buttocks and upper back should also be in contact with the wall. equipment required: stadiometer or steel ruler placed against a wall reliability: Height measurement can vary throughout the day, being higher in the morning, so it should be measured at the same time of day each time. advantages: low costs, quick test other comments: height or lack of height is an important attribute for many sports. 1.2 weight, purpose: measuring body mass can be valuable for monitoring body fat or muscle mass changes, or for monitoring hydration level. equipment required: Scales, which should be calibrated for accuracy using weights authenticated by a government department of weights and measures. procedure: the person stands with minimal movement with hands by their side. Shoes and excess clothing should be removed. reliability: To improve reliability, weigh routinely in the morning (12 hours since eating). Body weight can be affected by fluid in the bladder (weigh after voiding the bladder). Other factors to consider are the amount of food recently eaten, hydration level, the amount of waste recently expelled from the body, recent exercise and clothing. If you are monitoring changes in body mass, try and weigh at the same time of day, under the same conditions, and preferably with no clothes on. Always compare using the same set of scales. advantages: quick and easy measurement when testing large groups, with minimal costs. other comments: measuring weight can be used as a measure of changes in body fat, but as it does not take into account changes in lean body mass it is better to use other methods of body composition measurement 1.3 sitting height, procedure: Sitting height gives a measure of the length of the trunk. It is a measurement of the distance from the highest point on the head to the base sitting surface. The subject sits with both feet on the floor, the lower back and shoulders against the wall, looking straight ahead. Distance can be measured from the floor, and the height of the box measured and subtracted from the total distance. equipment required: stadiometer or ruler placed against a wall, box or chair. reliability: Height measurement can vary throughout the day, being higher in the morning, so should be measured at a consistent time of day. advantages: low costs, quick test other comments: Upper body length or proportionally long legs is an important attribute for many sports. 1.4 arm span, Arm span measurement is a simple measure that is important in the anthropometrical profiling of athletes in many sports in which reach is important, such as rowing and basketball. See also the related arm length measure, which is the length of each individual arm. purpose: To measure arm length, as long arms may be advantageous for some sports which involve reaching and tackling. equipment required: ruler or tape measure, wall. procedure: facing away from the wall, with back and buttocks touching the arms are stretched out horizontally. Measure from one furthermost finger tip to the other. results: The arm length measures can be compared to the persons height. On average, arm span should be about equal to height. By subtracting a measurement for shoulder widthfrom this measurement you can get a measure of average arm length. advantages: very low cost, simple and quick test other comments: It is important for the subject to fully stretch to get the maximum reach, and that the arms are held exactly horizontally. To assist in keeping the outstretched arms horizontal, use a wall that has horizontal lines already on it such as a brick wall. Also measure out from a corner or wall protrusion so that one hand can be stable and all measurements are away from it. 1.5 hand span, purpose: The size of the hand is advantageous for some sports which involve catching, gripping or tackling. equipment required: flat surface and ruler or tape measure procedure: The hand is placed palm down on a flat surface. The fingers are outstretched as far as possible. Measure the linear distance between the outside of the thumb to the outside of the little finger. advantages: very low cost, simple and quick test other comments: this test is used at the AFL Draft Camp 1.6 body fat using skinfold measures. procedure: Estimation of body fat by skinfold thickness measurement. Measurement can use from 3 to 9 different standard anatomical sites around the body. The right side is usually only measured (for consistency). The tester pinches the skin at the appropriate site to raise a double layer of skin and the underlying adipose tissue, but not the muscle. The calipers are then applied 1 cm below and at right angles to the pinch, and a reading in millimeters (mm) taken two seconds later. The mean of two measurements should be taken. If the two measurements differ greatly, a third should then be done, then the median value taken. the sites: there are many common sites at which the skinfold pinch can be taken. See the descriptions and photographs of each skinfold site. results: Because of the increased errors involved, it is usually not appropriate to convert skinfold measures to percentage body fat (%BF). It is best to use the sum of several sites to monitor and compare body fat measures. In order to satisfy those who want to calculate a percentage body fatmeasure, there is a sample of equations for calculating this here. Below is a table of general guidelines for using total sum (in millimeters) of the seven main skinfold sites (tricep, bicep,subscap, supraspinale, abdominal, thigh, calf). There are also examples of some actual athlete results. excellent good average below average poor Normal Male 60-80 81-90 91-110 111-150 150+ Female 70-90 91-100 101-120 121-150 150+ Athletic Male 40-60 61-80 81-100 101-130 130+ Female 50-70 71-85 86-110 111-130 130+ equipment required: skinfold calipers (e.g. Harpenden, Holtain, Slimglide, Lange). These should be calibrated for correct jaw tension and gap width. target population: suitable for all populations, though it is sometimes difficult to get reliable measurements with obese people. validity: using skinfold measurements is not a valid predictor of percent body fat, however they can be used as a monitoring device to indicate changes in body composition over time. It is important to maintain correct calibration of the calipers (more about calibrating calipers) reliability: the reliability of skinfold measurements can vary from tester to tester depending on their skill and experience. There are accreditation courses available through ISAK. advantages: Skinfold measurements are widely utilized to assess body composition. It is a lot simpler than hydrostatic weighing and many of the other body composition techniques. After the original outlay for calipers, the daily tests costs are minimal. other considerations: some subjects may feel uncomfortable stripping down in front of the tester, therefore every effect should be made to make them feel comfortable. For legal reasons, it is wise to have another person present, and to have females testers for female subjects. The right side measurement is standard, though in some situations you may need to test someone on the left side. If so, you must record this and endeavor to always test on the same side for that person. Reasons for testing on the left side may include injuries, amputation, deformities, or other medical conditions. Reaction Time the start can be very important, particularly over short distance events. The bodys physical reaction time is not something that can usually be trained, though starting practice, technique and improvements in power can improve a swimmers start. Strength and Power strength and power are important for a powerful explosive start off the blocks, and for quick and powerful turns. 3.1 A vertical jump test is best to measure the explosive power of the legs. This procedure describes the method used for directly measuring the vertical jump height jumped. There are also timing systems that measure the time of the jump and from that calculate the vertical jump height. equipment required: measuring tape or marked wall, chalk for marking wall (or Vertec or jump mat). procedure (see also variations below): the athlete stands side on to a wall and reaches up with the hand closest to the wall. Keeping the feet flat on the ground, the point of the fingertips is marked or recorded. This is called the standing reach height. The athlete then stands away from the wall, and leaps vertically as high as possible using both arms and legs to assist in projecting the body upwards. The jumping technique can or cannot use a countermovement (see vertical jump technique). Attempt to touch the wall at the highest point of the jump. The difference in distance between the standing reach height and the jump height is the score. The best of three attempts is recorded. variations: The vertical jump test can also be performed using a specialized apparatus called the Vertec. The procedure when using the Vertec is very similar to as described above. Jump height can also be measured using a jump mat which measures the displacement of the hips. To be accurate, you must ensure the feet land back on the mat with legs nearly fully extended. Vertical jump height can also be measured using a timing mat. The vertical jump test is usually performed with a counter movement, where there is bending of the knees immediately prior to the jump. The test can also be performed as a squat jump, starting from the position of knees being bent. Other test variations are to perform the test with no arm movement (one hand on hip, the other raised above the head) to isolate the leg muscles and reduce the effect of variations in coordination of the arm movements. The test can also be performed off one leg, with a step into the jump, or with a run-up off two feet or one foot, depending on the relevance to the sport involved. For more details see vertical jump technique. scoring: The jump height is usually recorded as a distance score. The table below provides a ranking scale for adult athletes based on my observations, and will give a general idea of what is a good score. For more information, see a selection of vertical jump test results. It is also possible to convert jump height into a power or work score. rating males (inches) males (cm) females (inches) females (cm) excellent > 28 > 70 > 24 > 60 very good 24 28 61-70 20 24 51-60 above average 20 24 51-60 16 20 41-50 average 16 20 41-50 12 16 31-40 below average 12 16 31-40 8 12 21-30 poor 8 12 21-30 4 8 11-20 very poor advantages: this test is simple and quick to perform. disadvantages: technique plays a part in maximizing your score, as the subject must time the jump so that the wall is marked at the peak of the jump. comments: The jump height can be affected by how much you bend your knees before you jump, and the effective use of the arms. The test is also sometimes incorrectly spelled as the Sergeant or Sargent Test. history: This method described above for measuring a persons vertical jump height is sometimes known as a Sargent Jump, named after Dudley Sargent, who was one of the pioneers in American physical education. 3.2 Upper body strength can be measured using Bench Press 1RM or 3RM tests. This is a specific repetition maximum (RM) test for the upper body (see the general description of 1RM fitness tests). purpose: to measure maximum strength of the chest muscle groups. equipment required: Bench with safety, bar and various free weights. procedure: The subject should perform an adequate warm up. An example would be to warm up with 5-10 reps of a light-to-moderate weight, then after a minute rest perform two heavier warm-up sets of 2-5 reps, with a two-minute rest between sets. The subject should then rest two to four minutes, then perform the one-rep-max attempt with proper technique. If the lift is successful, rest for another two to four minutes and increase the load 5-10%, and attempt another lift. If the subject fails to perform the lift with correct technique, rest two to four minutes and attempt a weight 2.5-5% lower. Keep increasing and decreasing the weight until a maximum left is performed. Selection of the starting weight is crucial so that the maximum lift is completed within approximately five attempts after the warm-up sets. See the Bench Press Example Videos. 1 Rep Max Bench Press Table for adults (weight lifted per bodyweight) Rating Score (per body weight) Excellent > 1.60 Good 1.30 1.60 Average 1.15 1.29 Below Average 1.00 1.14 Poor 0.91 0.99 Very Poor scoring: the maximum weight lifted is recorded. To standardize the score it may be useful to calculate a score proportional to the persons bodyweight. The sequence of lifts should also be recorded as these can be used in subsequent tests to help in determining the starting lifts. See the table for general guidelines for interpreting the results. These ratings are for both males and females as females are generally a smaller frame, there are expected to lift a lower actual weight to score an average rating etc. These scores are based on my personal experiences. There are also some athlete results for this test. advantages: the required equipment is readily available in most gymnasiums, and the test is simple to perform. disadvantages: This test should only be performed by those experienced at performing the bench press lift with good technique. Good technique will also enable the lifter to maximize their score. comments: For safety, a spotter should stand at the head of the bench throughout the test. The results of this test may be specific to the equipment used (height of bench, variations in weights), so is best to use the same equipment for test-retest measures. The warm up procedure should also be recorded and repeated with further testing. If any variation in technique was allowed, this should be recorded on the results sheet for referral when the test is repeated. The test is also called one rep max, 1-RM, and one repetition maximum. variations / modifications: Sometimes a three or five repetition maximum is used, particularly for less experienced lifters. These greater reps would require less weight and may be considered less dangerous. Changing the number of repetition also changes the muscle energy systems and validity of this test. Anaerobic Capacity The sprint swimming events rely heavily on the anaerobic system. The anaerobic system response to swimming can be measured by taking blood lactate measures after races and and training sets. You could also look at speed drop off during a maximal 6 x 50m set with short recovery, somewhat like this anaerobic sprint fatigue test. purpose: this is a test of anaerobic capacity, the ability to recover between sprints and produce the same level of power repeatedly. equipment required: 2 stopwatches, measuring tape,marker cones, at least 50 meter track. procedure: marker cones and lines are placed 30 meters apart to indicate the sprint distance. Two more cones placed a further 10 meters on each end. At the instructions of the timer, the subject places their foot at the starting line, then on go two stopwatches are started simultaneously, and the subject sprints maximally for 30m, ensuring that they do not slow down before reaching the end. One stopwatch is used to time the sprint, the other continues to run. Record the time. The subjects use the 10 meter cone to slow down and turn, and return to the 30m finishing point. The next sprint will be in the oposite direction. The next 30 meter sprint starts 30 seconds after the first started. This cycle continues until 10 sprints are completed, starting at 30 sec, 1 min, 1.5 min, 2 min etc after the start of the first sprint. scoring: The fatigue index is calculated by taking the average speed of the first three trials and dividing it by the average speed of the last three trials. This will give a value approximately between 75 and 95%. Use the table below to determine the rating. Rating Fatigue Index Excellent > 89% Good 85-89 % Average 80-84% Poor target population: suitable for athletes involved in many multi-sprint sports such as basketball, hockey, rugby, soccer, AFL. Endurance aerobic capacity is important for a swimmer to maintain a high rate throughout the race, particularly the longer distance events. Land based endurance tests (e.g. treadmill VO2max) can be used, though specific swimming tests are more relevant, such as the Shuttle Swim Test or the more comprehensive Swimming Step Test. Maximal Oxygen Consumption Test (VO2max) The VO2max test is the criterion measure of aerobic power in athletes. Described here is the method to measure VO2max directly. Many other aerobic fitness tests estimate VO2max score from their results. See the other tests of Aerobic Endurance. equipment required: Oxygen and carbon dioxide analyzers, ergometer on which workload may be modified, stopwatch. Expired air may be collected and volume measured via Douglas bags or a Tissot tank, or measured by a pnuemotach or turbine ventilometer. procedure: Exercise is performed on an appropriate ergometer (treadmill, cycle, swim bench). The exercise workloads are selected to gradually progress in increments from moderate to maximal intensity. Oxygen uptake is calculated from measures oxygen and carbon dioxide in the expired air and minute ventilation, and the maximal level is determined at or near test completion (seeVO2max videos) scoring: Results are presented as either l/min (liters per minute) or ml/kg/min (mls of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute). The athlete is considered to have reached their VO2max if several of the following occurred: a plateau or peaking over in oxygen uptake, maximal heart rate was reached, attainment of a respiratory exchange ratio of 1.15 or greater, and volitional exhaustion. See also the Adult VO2max norm values. target population: Any sport in which aerobic endurance is a component, such as distance runners, cross country skiiers, rowers, triathlon, cycling. advantages: This test directly measures body oxygen consumption, which many other aerobic fitness tests try to estimate. You can also get direct measurement of maximum heart rate by recording heart rate during the test. disadvantages: Relatively time consuming and high costs involved for each test other comments: There is often variability between the performance of different analysis systems. Stringent calibration is necessary for both the expired gas and ventilation measurement systems. caution: This test is a maximal test, which requires a reasonable level of fitness. It is not recommended for recreational athletes or people with health problems, injuries or low fitness levels. 5.2 10 meter Multistage Shuttle Swim Test (MSST). This test is a variation on the Beep Test, or shuttle run, called the 10 meter Multistage Shuttle Swim Test (MSST). This test has been developed by sport scientists in Western Australia, for the assessment of aerobic fitness of competitive water polo players. See also the Water Polo Intermittent Shuttle Test (WIST). purpose: To test the aerobic fitness of water polo players equipment required: swimming pool, test cd, cd player. procedure: This test is a variation on the established testing protocol for the running shuttle test, but specific for water polo players and carried out in a pool. The subjects swim a 10-meter distance at a progressively increasing speed until volitional exhaustion. The test starts at 0.9 m/s, and increases by 0.05 m/sec every stage. Each stage lasts approximately one minute and the shuttles are signalled by an audio cue. scoring: The athletes score is the level and number of shuttles reached before they were unable to keep up with the recording. target population: It is a test of aerobic fitness for competitive water polo players. The test is suitable for all players (male and female) ranging from school/club standard through to international level. reliability: In the published research paper, test-retest reliability was determined using a sample of 22 female and 22 male water polo players. An intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.99 (p>0.05) was calculated between the two test scores. The technical error of measurement for the test was 2.3 shuttles or 5.0%. validity: A validation correlation coefficient of 0.88 was found between the number of shuttles completed during the MSST and VO2max measured during an incremental tethered swim test to exhaustion. A stepwise multiple regression revealed that VO2max accounted for approximately 78% of the MSST variance. advantages: The test allows a whole team to have their aerobic fitness effectively assessed using minimal time and pool space. disadvantages: As with the running beep test, practice and motivation levels can influence the score attained, and the scoring can be subjective. 5.3 swim step test The 7 x 200m swim step test is a very comprehensive swimming-specific physiological test. It is used to monitor training and improvements in aerobic conditioning. For information about aerobic stepping tests, see Step Tests. purpose: To test fitness parameters during a standard swimming. equipment required: a swimming pool (25m or 50m), pool pace clock, stopwatch, equipment for blood lactate testing, heart rate monitor. procedure: All 200m swims are conducted at an even pace (even 50m splits), on 6 minutes (starting every new set exactly six minutes after the start of the previous one). The test is conducted using the swimmers specialist stroke (ie freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke). The swimming target time for each swimmer is based on age or intensity. For seniors, the last 200m is swum at maximum heart rate, and each 200m preceding this is at 10 bpm below the one before. For young age groupers, each swim is related to their personal best (PB), such that (for males): 1st 200m = PB +24 secs, 2nd 200m = PB +20 secs, 3rd 200m = PB +16 secs, 4th 200m = PB +12 secs, 5th 200m = PB + 8 secs, 6th 200m = PB pace, 7th 200m = Goal PB pace. For female swimmers the targets are 4 seconds less for swims 1 to 5. measurements: Record all splits and total times, and stroke rate. At the end of each swim, record RPE (rate of perceived exertion on a scale of 1 to 20), heart rate, and at 3 minutes after each swim measure lactate. results: Calculate average pace, heart rate, stroke rate, strokes per length. Use the results to plot heart rate/velocity curves or lactate/velocity curves. Changes in these over time are used to monitor changes in swimming specific aerobic conditioning. A measure of anaerobic threshold can be determined from these graphs. target population: It is a test for swimmers. The test is appropriate for experienced swimmers (male and female), who have good pacing ability. reliability: this test relies on good pacing ability of the swimmers. Practice will improve this, as well improve the reliability of results. advantages: the comprehensive measures provide great feedback to the coach and swimmer. disadvantages: The equipment and assistants required make this a costly and time consuming test. comments: this test requires plenty of assistance, having one data collector per swimmer would be ideal. Health lung function is obviously important for the swimmer, and checks should be make to check that the lungs are healthy and functioning to their full capacity. See lung function tests. procedure: The usual measures of lung function are of forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expired volume in 1 second (FEV1). These can be measured with a full maximal expiration. Explain to the subject that they must fill their lungs completely, seal their lips around the mouthpiece, and empty their lungs as hard and fast as possible. The best of two trials is usually recorded. equipment required: Spirometer (e.g. Vitalograph) interpretation: Lung function tests are of little value for predicting fitness and exercise performance, provided that the values fall within a normal range. You must always take into consideration that lung volumes vary with age, sex and body size (especially height). disadvantages: this test requires expensive equipment that is not always available. A simple inexpensive measure of lung function is the peak flow test. Swimming Specific Fitness Tests Fitness testing for swimming usually includes training or race type test, such as 8 x 200m step test, in which heart rate, blood lactate, split times, stroke rate and perceived exertion are recorded. Here are some other fitness tests related to swimming: Swimming Beep Test water based multi-stage beep test. Swimming Step Test a very comprehensive swimming-specific physiological test Shuttle swim test a shuttle endurance swimming test like the running beep test that was designed for water polo players. 1 km swim a 1 km swim designed for testing triathletes. 500yd / 450m Swim Test used for the Navy assessment. 3.Ian Thorp full name: Ian James Thorpe bio: One of the greatest swimmers the world has ever seen. In his career, he won five Olympic gold medals, 11 world titles and set 13 long-course records and 23 overall. On November 21 2006 he announced his retirement from swimming after 10 years on the Australian team, citing that he has lost the desire, and there are things in my life that are more important to me and I have to pursue them now. also known as: the Thorpedo, Flipper, Thorpey born: 13 October 1982 Milperra, a western suburb of Sydney, Australia family: Parents Margaret and Ken, sister Christina. physical attributes: Height: 195 cm (65) Weight:104 kg (229 lbs) Feet Size: 17 Arm span: 195 cm sport: Swimming coach: Tracey Menzies since 2002-06. Pre 2002 his coach was Doug Frost. team / club: SLC Aquadot / New South Wales / Australia event: 100 meters, 200 meters, 400 meters, 800 meters freestyle, 100m backstroke, 200m individual medley, plus anything else he wants to do! personal bests: 200m: 1:45.51 minutes, 400m: 3:41.33 minutes achievements: World Championships, Perth (1998), won 400m freestyle Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur 1998: 4 Gold medals (200m free, 400m free, 2x200m freestyle relay, 4x100m freestyle relay Pacific Championships 1999: New world record, 400m freestyle, broke world record for the 200m freestyle twice in consecutive days Australian Olympic Swim Trials 2000: bettered own 400m freestyle mark, lowered the 200m freestyle world record twice again Sydney Olympic Results, 2000 200 metre freestyle (1 min 45.83 secs), 2nd 400 metre freestyle (3 mins 40.59 secs), 1st 4 x 100 metre freestyle relay (3 mins 13.67 secs), 1st 4 x 200 metre freestyle relay (7 mins 7.05 secs), 1st 4 x 100 metre medley relay (3 mins 35.27 secs), 2nd Athens Olympics Results, 2004: 400m freestyle, 1st, 3:43.10 4 x 100m freestyle relay, 6th, 48.14 (3:15.77) 200m freestyle, 1st, 1:44.71 (Olympic record) 4 x 200m freestyle relay, 2nd, 1:44.18 (7:07.46) 100m freestyle, 3rd, 48.56 what you may not know: Thorpe started squad training when he was just 8 years old. He was allergic to cholorine when he first started but has now grown out of that. He holds the record for being the fastest 14-year old male swimmer in the history of swimming. In 1997, at age 1

Military Essay -- essays research papers fc

Military Organizational Structure The Toad Military Organizational Structure Organization involves a intentional formalized structure of roles. People working together towards a common goal, but in specialized areas. The overall effectiveness of any particular association is directly proportional to the functioning of its members. As a firm increases in size the participants lose sight of the concept of teamwork. To maintain the competitive edge a corporation must remain flexible. To this end, varying styles of organizational structure have been implemented. Much of this framework is determined by the business type, goals to be achieved, and even the sociological level of advancement. Our armed forces today reflect this philosophy. Traditionally the military has used a rigid organizational structure. A well defined chain of command is used to delegate responsibilities, even to this day. Divisionalization structure was a common style to maintain a self-contained support and service center. As pointed out by Dessler, t his style requires more managers with general management abilities (401). Most subordinate's job is to follow instructions from the higher level (Adams 102). This behavior has been reinforced by a high level of discipline, required for battlefield operations. As technology has redefined combat operations, so has the organizational and management style changed. The military organization today is based upon a geographic departmentalization structure. A specific s...

China’s One Child Policy Violates Human Rights Essay -- Human Rights V

Although there are many facets of human rights being abused and violated every day, the Chinese would mention their fight for reproductive rights as one of the first and foremost in their mind. In 1979, the Chinese government passed the One-Child Policy in an attempt to control the growth of their population. While this may have been a grand idea in theory, in reality this policy violates the human right to form a family. By limiting the amount of children a Chinese couple is allowed to produce, this policy is effectively forcing abortion, sterilization and is taking away the Chinese family’s right to make their own choices. The policy was created in 1979 and set a strong limit of one child per family. However, modern-day China is currently working off of a change proposed in 1984, which changed the policy to work off of a 1.5-child per couple. This change allowed some families to have another child, but only if their first born was a female. Most provinces have also allowed rural couples to have another child a few years after the birth of their first. This relaxed policy also permitted minority couples to have two or more children in an effort to increase diversity. Unfortunately, most of these amendments to the policies affect only the rural citizens of China, and provide little benefit to the urban residents. This being said, there is an issue of fairness when it comes to the rural vs. urban families. In Jiali Li and Rosemary Santana Cooney’s article, â€Å"Son Preference and the One-Child Policy in China 1979-1988,† we learn of the different types of familial registration, and how that impacts the policy. The two types of registration depend on the location of your residency. Chinese families with Type I registrat... ..."China Sticking With One-Child Policy ." The New York Times, March 11, 2008, World section. Web 3 May 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/11/world/asia/11china.html?_r=2 Yi, Zeng. "Population and Development Review." Options for Fertility Policy Transition in China, 215-46. Population council, 2007. Web 10 May 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25434606 Yuan Tien "Population Studies, Vol. 18, No. 3." Sterilization, Oral Contraception, and Population Control in China, 215-35. Population Investigation Committee, 1965. Web 3 May 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2173285 Zhang, Junsen & Sturm, Roland. "Population Research and Policy Review, Vol. 13, No. 1." When Do Couples Sign the One-Child Certificate in Urban China?, 69-81. Springer in cooperation with the Southern Demographic Association, 1994. Web 7 May 2015. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40229690

Experiment to investigate factors affecting the rate of reaction betwee

Experiment to investigate factors affecting the rate of reaction between magnesium ribbon and hydrochloric acid Rates of Reaction: Investigation Experiment to investigate factors affecting the rate of reaction between magnesium ribbon and hydrochloric acid. Chemical reactions between substances are caused by the collision of particles. More collisions mean a quicker rate of reaction. In the reaction between hydrochloric acid and magnesium ribbon, the chemical reaction takes place when the magnesium ribbon is dropped into the hydrochloric acid. The products are hydrogen gas and magnesium chloride. The equation for this reaction is as follows:- Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen Mg (s) + 2HCL (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) Factors that affect the rate of reaction:- * Temperature * Mass of magnesium ribbon * Concentration of hydrochloric acid * Surface area of magnesium ribbon I have chosen to use the concentration of hydrochloric acid as my independent variable. These different concentrations can be varied easily and made up accurately for the experiment. Each experiment will be done four times so that an average reading can be calculated - ensuring an accurate and reliable conclusion. The measured variable will be the time taken for the same quantity of magnesium ribbon in each experiment to be used up in reaction. The constant variable will be the length of the magnesium ribbon used in each experiment. Rate of reaction = Gradient of the line of a graph plotted with time taken to cease reacting against concentration. Concentration of a solution describes the number of active particles in a particular volume. The unit of concentration is: mol.dm-3 Prediction I predict that the higher the concentra... ...ing around faster. This would mean HCL and magnesium particles would collide more frequently, thereby increasing rate of reaction. I think that my results on graph 1 were suitable to draw an accurate best-fit line. The points are all joined by the line. I used 5 different concentrations which were in a suitably wide range. If I were to repeat the experiment I would use a slightly wider range of concentrations to expand my conclusion, such as 1.25M, 0.75M and 0.25M. If the resources were available, I would also extend the range to higher concentrations than the 2M I was restricted to in this investigation. Further investigation could also include using another factor as my independent variable. I could differ the surface area of magnesium in my experiments, and see how this affects rate of reaction; in what way and if there is a definite proportional relationship.

Just In Time Essay

Just-In-Time or J-I-T is defined in the APICS dictionary as â€Å"a philosophy of manufacturing based on planned elimination of all waste and on continuous improvement of productivity. † To put it simply, it means products are produced in the necessary quantities at the necessary time, basically, everything happens just in time. It promises to provide a tailored solution for business matching none of the off-the-shelf software available in the market. It believes that it must adapt to its customers not the other way around. It takes its name from the idea of replenishing material buffers just when they are needed. Also known as lean production or stockless production, it seeks to improve profits and ROI by the reduction of inventory levels, by increasing inventory turnover rate, by the reduction of variability, by the improvement of product quality, by the reduction of production and delivery lead times and by the reduction of other costs like those that are associated with machine set up and equipment breakdown. It applies to repetitive manufacturing processes where it involves the same products and components being produced over and over again. J-I-T, a recognized philosophy, technique or way of working takes its root in Japan. Developed by the Toyota Motor Company in the mid-1970’s, it was originally known as Toyota Production System (TPS). Toyota’s Taiichi Ohno is after all the credited father of this way or working. He developed a system of production based on waste elimination. Waste, according to Ohno includes time and resources as well as materials. Just-in-time and autonomation were then born. The former means that items move through production as and when they are needed; and the latter means that production system must be automated to include inspection, where human attention was only called for when a defect was detected automatically, signaling a temporary stop in the system until the problem has been solved. J-I-T believes that waste and its many forms must be eliminated. These wastes can be in the form of materials, space and labor. Problems that may lead to the production of such wastes are paid close attention to. There has been a constant improvement on operation and procedures to finely tune them in to an increase in productivity. Ordering or holding costs can be reduced. And there must also be a continuous effort to strive to improve. This means an improvement on processes and systems to an efficient and competitive one. Moreover, a certain respect among the workers must be maintained. It assumes a stable environment and requires an active participation among the employees, the basics of industrial engineering, continuous improvement, small lot sizes and total quality control. Stock or inventory, overproduction, time spent waiting, transportation or movement, processing time as well as defects are considered to be unnecessary wastes. This techniques promises to render its users the benefits ranging from consistent high quality products, quality as a responsibility of every worker, uniform Master Production Schedule, standardization of components and work methods, product focus, preventive maintenance, reduced scrap, reduced re-work, reduced cycle times, lower set up time, smoother flow of production, less inventory, cost savings, higher productivity, more skilled and multi-tasking work force, reduced space requirements and improved relationships with suppliers and continuous improvement. Setting it apart from all the other traditional techniques applied which provides large amount of options available to its customers and accepts almost all orders, J-I-T targets a limited market in order to deliver high quality services at low cost. In terms of capacity, a traditional technique employs excess capacity designed into the system anticipating problems that may arise, they are highly utilized and are inflexible as opposed to that of J-I-T that minimizes waste of having extra capacity, and such is flexible and moderately utilized. In the traditional technique, there is a lot of space for inventory storage. Job shops are often converted to cellular manufacturing when J-I-T technique is employed. Traditional technique believes that long lead times allow more time to make decisions and get the job done. J-I-T on the other hand, believes that more accurate forecasting and planning can be done in short lead times. In terms of layout, a job shop in a traditional set up are spread-out to accommodate areas for stock rooms, tool cribs and work-in-the process inventories between the equipment. It even requires automated or semi-automated materials handling equipment in the form of conveyors and forklifts, another addition to an already big space requirement. In a J-I-T system, manual transfer is employed. Equipment is as close together to aid the handling over of parts from one worker or machine to the other. In terms of quality, in a traditional technique, goods are inspected at critical points and scrap rates are tracked. In the case of the J-I-T technique, workers themselves inspect parts to achieve the zero defects goal in the end. Toyota and its suppliers were alone in the use of the TPS for almost a decade. Not until the late 1970’s when other Japanese automobile manufacturers in the likes of Mazda, Honda and Nissan adopted the concept of J-I-T to continue to compete with arch rival Toyota. Then in the mid 1980’s US and European manufacturers like Chrysler, Ford and General Motors benchmarked the J-I-T philosophy. Other firms such as CM, Ford, Bendix, Harley-Davidson, IBM, Hewlett-Packard, AT&T and others have been strongly advocating J-I-T. There have been progresses in regaining competitiveness. Many firms are once again at if not near world class status. But J-I-T is not a revolution but an evolution. Not all accounts will be success stories. Managers only implement J-I-T when they are convinced that it can enhance the firm’s performance. This is true even though there have been a lot of testaments to the benefits that it claims to deliver to its clients. There have been studies that show that the implementation and maintenance of the J-I-T manufacturing systems will eventually reap rewards as measured by improved financial performance. J-I-T is not the end of an evolution- it actually is just the beginning. There will be new J-I-T generations to be born in the years to come. We all have to then learn how to embrace changes in order to improve and gain control of our growing enterprises. We can always take a pick amongst the ones available. The choice is ours to make. References Donath, Bob. Reduced warehouse storage/inventory costs. The IOMA Handbook of Logistics and Inventory Management, p. 310. Retrieved November 21, 2007 from http://books.google.com/books?isbn=047120935x.

Sigma Six Iso 900 and Tqm Summary

DMADV a. k. a. DFSS The DMADV project methodology, also known as  DFSS  (â€Å"Design  For  Six  Sigma†),[12]  features five phases: * Define  design goals that are consistent with customer demands and the enterprise strategy. * Measure  and identify CTQs (characteristics that are  Critical  To  Quality), product capabilities, production process capability, and risks. * Analyze  to develop and design alternatives, create a high-level design and evaluate design capability to select the best design. * Design  details, optimize the design, and plan for design verification.This phase may require simulations. * Verify  the design, set up pilot runs, implement the production process and hand it over to the process owner(s). In order to scope out a potential project its imperative one understands the Six Sigma DMAIC requirements. A great example of project scoping is similar to a physician diagnosing a patient with a specific illness. Effective project sco ping is also comparable to a physician treating a patient with a specific illness, attention to detail is important when diagnosing a patient (Lynch, Bertolino, Cloutier, 2003).The define phase of a six sigma project is one of the most vital phases. The define phase can have the most impact on the success of the project. The DMAIC Six Sigma methodology should be used when a product or process is currently in place, but for some reason does not meet the customer specification or is not performing effectively, The DMADV methodology should be used when a new product or process is being introduced, when a process does not exist, or has reached entitlement. If a defect exists, one should opt toward using the DMAIC methodology to complete a six sigma project.Due to the nature of this process, identifying the customer specifications, designing and optimizing solutions, implementing the new process, product or service, a DMADV project can be more complex and be potentially longer in duratio n. Some Black Belts may be tempted to defer to DMADV when the process to be improved is not documented. Consider whether the work, process, or service is occurring today. If it is, then one would perhaps have a project that should begin as a DMAIC project. The process should then be documented as one of the early steps in the effort toward reducing defect variation.Another common misstep occurs when projects are identified as DMADV and the appropriate tools are not used. The DMADV methodology leverages unique tools to capture the Voice of the Customer and translate to CTQs, which is an acronym for â€Å"Critical to Quality† and then to Functional Design Requirements. These tools include Kano Analysis, Quality Function Deployment, and Pugh Matrix. Leveraging these tools during a DMADV project helps ensure that the effort to create a product, process, or service will deliver the most important customer requirements. ConclusionSix Sigma is one quality system that has outlasted o ther quality management systems (Brinlee, n. d. ). There are dozens of tools and software programs available; however, there are basics that all should know. Depending on ones training as a green or black belt, the six sigma tools used can vary. Most all six sigma software programs are designed to allow the computer to calculate to decrease the potential of human error. There are two basic classifications of six sigma tools: process optimization tools and statistical analysis tools (Brinlee, n. d. ).Analysis: After you describe your research finding and include references, please offer your analysis of the information here. By beginning the paragraph with a bolded word, it will be much more apparent to the Evaluator that this is where they will find your analysis of the information rather than it appearing as if it is part of the research summary. Benefits of Six Sigma It is clear that many companies have capitalized on the application of Six Sigma to there business model. If we loo k deeper into the appeal of Six Sigma, past the historical quantitative gains, we will find several benefits that companies find attractive. Pande, 2000) â€Å"Six Sigma, 1. â€Å"Generates sustained success† – The only way to sustain a high level of growth is to continually innovate and remake the organization. A Six Sigma process creates the skills and culture to achieve this continuous process improvement cycle. 2. â€Å"Sets a performance goal for everyone† – a company is made up of multiple departments with different tasks and objectives. Six Sigma provides a common objective for all departments to be as close to perfect as possible. The idea is that if you understand the customer’s requirements, then you can measure for defects. . â€Å"Enhances Customer Value† – The focus of Six Sigma is understanding what the customer requirements are and delivering a product or service within those requirements. 4. â€Å"Increases the rate of improvement† – Six Sigma helps a company stay on top of it’s improvement efforts by constantly updating requirements and identifying defects before they happen. 5. â€Å"Promotes Learning† – Six sigma brings experts together with novices to manage the process and teach the Six Sigma way of business. Companies that use Six Sigma view it as learning tool that is critical to their success. 6. Executes strategic change† – Six Sigma gives you a better understanding of your companies processes. The philosophy is tied back to the companies goals so when it’s time for change there is a higher probability of success. † (Pande, 2000) Six Sigma Negatives Six Sigma is has not been successful for every company. Critics point to several factors as negatives of Six Sigma. Some point to the fact that Six Sigma is not an original philosophy but rather a re-packaging of existing ideas. Additionally, critics point out the use of consultant s and the need for highly trained specialist to implement and manage the process can be very expensive.Another criticism is that the 3. 4 per 1 million measurement does not fit all situations. An airport may need a higher standard than say the post office. It has been said that applying Six Sigma rigorously will result in in a workplace environment that is rigid and stifles creativity, innovation, and invention. However, proponents will say that this outcome is a result of missing key parts of a successful program. The goals of the program must be tied to the goals of the company and the processes in place must directly tie to the customers needs. ImplementationSix Sigma programs are deployed from the Top down and implemented from the bottom up. (Cariera and Trudell, 2006) You must have upper managements buy-in and full support. This support must be communicated effectively through the organization. Upper management must be willing to invest in training for their employees and willi ng to embrace the changes that will come out of the initiative. Although Six Sigma can involve some complex statistical theories and measurement tools, the barriers to successful implementations usually come from â€Å"behavioral† resistance rather than â€Å"technical† issues. Kumar, 2006) The following are what Kumar considers â€Å"Fundamental rules for significant change†: †¢ Always include affected individuals in both planning and implementing improvements. †¢ Provide sufficient time for employees to change. †¢ Confine improvements to only those changes essential to remove the identified root cause(s). †¢ Respect an individual’s perceptions by listening and responding to his/her concerns. †¢ Ensure leadership participation in the program. †¢ Provide timely feedback to affected individuals. These are all key points to implementing Six Sigma, however to a Six Sigma critic’s point, there is nothing really new here.Th is is very similar to many other management and quality philosophies. Regardless of what name you give it, these fundamentals are imperative for instituting positive change in an organization. Perhaps by applying these fundamentals under a recognized program such as Six Sigma, there will be a better chance for success. ISO 9000 Naturally this subheading â€Å"Finding Number 2† would actually be changed to describe the second research finding. Then you would describe what you found and be sure to include quotes or paraphrases from your research.After each of those references, be sure to include a correct in-text citation (APA) format. Keep in mind that this task requires you to reference 8 sources in your paper (and include an accompanying Reference page). Analysis: After you describe your research finding and include references, please offer your analysis of the information here. By beginning the paragraph with a bolded word, it will be much more apparent to the Evaluator tha t this is where they will find your analysis of the information rather than it appearing as if it is part of the research summary. Benefits of ISOThe ISO was started in 1947 when 25 countries met in London to define industry-wide standardization for the manufacture and supply of products, testing/analysis and technology used in these fields, that begins a foundation of the trade and transfer of technology. A) While leveling the playing field so countries can easily trade overseas easier, companies are free to compete in more worldwide markets. This allows companies access to territories previously adrnonished for political reasons (American companies doing business in Vietnam, for example), while bridging the needs of business into the new millennium.B) At its core the ISO in conjunction with organizations the WTO, promotes a global trading systern strength. The WTO instituted the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)' which includes a Code of Good practice for the Preparation, Adoption and Application of Standards: simply-put, the Code recognizes the efficient improvement of production in international trade AND, encourages standardizing bodies to use ihem for the standards they develop. C) Another advantage is product reliability from other countries.Think about it, in terms of quality and safety you can rest easier knowing that the product quality will be the same or better than a competing US brand. Which is generally, not good. But it encourages competition, promotes more trade opens up our thinking to new, sometimes better merchandise. Look at the inventory from Ikea and World Market and see how those marketplaces have tested throughout the country? D) With regard to our govemment, where would we be without International Standards for health, safety and environmental legislation?International Standards can also ‘&ame' political trade agreements with this body of knowledge. E) I believe that, without certain Standardizations our commerce would erswl. Li ke the sizes of screw-threads for chairs in classrooms, telcom technology, the size of 2Ãâ€"4's for use overseas, the quality of steel-beams to erect a building. Pros and cons of ISO ISO 9000 is a set of standards governing documentation of a quality program. ISO 9000 is an overview document which gives guidelines for selection and use of the other standards. It is also used internationally by business to provide an outline of quality assurance.The ISO 9000 contains five document which are the 9001 9002 9003 9004 the ISO 9001 deals with aspects of a quality program for businesses that design, produce, install and service products. The ISO 9002 deals with the same aspects as the ISO 9001, the ISO 9003 is the most limited in scope and addresses only the production process. ISO 9004 contains guidelines for interpreting the other standards. The steps for businesses to take in order to make sure they are registered with ISO 9000 standards are that the quality management system in the co mpany or business must be fully approved and meet the required standard the ISO 9000 need.They must also be able to look after and put in order all the companies internally audits. Organisations should seek ISO 9000 accreditation due to some advantages it provides for the company which are it helps the company improve its customer service and increases the satisfaction of customers. When business or organisations seek ISO documentation it helps the focus on satisfying customers and providing quality service for customers. It helps the company to ensure that their product when is reached the final stage is of good quality which helps to increase customer satisfaction or make customer happy with the final product.Another reason why a company should also seek ISO 9000 accreditation is due to the fact that it would be easier for business or organisation to get supplier if there in need of one. Supplier would be willing to associate themselves with companies with the ISO documentation wh o are in looking for or in a need of suppliers. The ISO accreditation requires an organisation to analyse and document its actions, which is important in any event for implementing continuous improvement for the staff who get involved. The rules required in ISO accreditation standards provide businesses to start pursuing TQM programs.Organisations that register their company with the ISO 9000 accreditation give there company a good eye with public as it increases their marketability as the public feel they have their best interest at heart by ensuring they offer good quality products to them and this is an advantage to the company as it increases their customer loyalty base and brings in new customers. It would also help organisations against their competitors as a business or company seeking ISO 9000 accreditation increases their advantages over their competitors and this might make them draw some of their competitors’ customers.ISO 9000 registration helps companies look att ractive by inviting business owners and investors to combine or deal in business with them. It gives companies or businesses who have registered with ISO 9000 accreditation secure their finances with other businesses. Aside from all this advantages towards companies who seek ISO 9000 accreditation there are also disadvantages to this documentation. One of them would be its very expensive to organisations who seek the ISO 9000 accreditation.Some companies who fully be able continuously pay the funds to register their companies especially companies that are not large. The steps to register your business or company are very expensive and so many companies might be able to afford it. Apart from the business being expensive another disadvantage is the amount or period the process takes to register. The process usually takes many months or over a year to complete the registration and all the necessary documentation it needs to finally complete it.This might make business fed up due to amo unt of time it’s taken them to achieve this documentation and the amount of time they have put in order to complete it to the final audit. Aside from it also being expensive there’s a lot of paper work and documentation involved in registering with the ISO 9000 accreditation and this paper work take a lot of the company time. This makes the business focus on the paper work rather than being able to balance the paper work or other business matters the company needs to adhere.Some companies might get carried away with the documentation forgetting they need to attend to other business matter and this might make them lose important business running. Total Quality Management (TQM) Naturally this subheading â€Å"Finding Number 3† would actually be changed to describe the third research finding. Then you would describe what you found and be sure to include quotes or paraphrases from your research. After each of those references, be sure to include a correct in-text ci tation (APA) format.Keep in mind that this task requires you to reference 8 sources in your paper (and include an accompanying Reference page). If you have more than 3 main points, please feel free to add them. Follow the same format for consistency. Analysis: After you describe your research finding and include references, please offer your analysis of the information here. By beginning the paragraph with a bolded word, it will be much more apparent to the Evaluator that this is where they will find your analysis of the information rather than it appearing as if it is part of the research summary.Recommendations This will be the last section of the body of your paper in which you will provide your audience (your company’s management) with your recommendations for action. Again, you could begin by replacing this text with an appropriate introduction. The discussion here should also justify the logic used to arrive at the particular recommendations. For example: Recommendation : This would be your first recommendation. You could bold it as I have here.Then you should explain or describe the recommendation more fully as well as why you feel this will be beneficial to the company. You will then follow this same format for the remaining recommendations. You must have at least three recommendations for the company. Conclusion Task instruction: Prepare a business report based on your research findings that includes a conclusion that will: a. Emphasize the importance of the three research findings; b. Summarize the benefits of your recommendations. . This task can generally be done in 1-2 paragraphs.