Prior Knowledge Deficit Essay Example for Free

Prior Knowledge Deficit EssayPrior experience comes from optic experiences, seeing those mental pictures of a subject. Prior acquaintance comes before seeing what readers read, or understanding the subject. A deficit in precedent intimacy inhibits student learning by taking away their educational experiences and replacing them with regulate testing.To arrive with, prior knowledge plays an important role in change students to learn to read, and to read to learn. First, learning to read starts in kindergarten and continues through third grade, where teachers use books called primers. Primers teach students how to read because they tell stories about subjects that students already have visual experience with, such as family, friends, food, pets, or games. Since students know the basic information about such subjects, when they are being taught how to read, they understand the primers. Finally, when students enter fourth grade, they begin information textbooks to learn abou t science and social studies. These students developed prior knowledge of science and social studies from kindergarten through third grade, when they attended compass trips to zoos and museums, watched educational films, and completed science projects. If they learned this basic information about the natural world of science, and about the human world of social studies, students are able to understand their textbooks. As a result, they can add new knowledge to further their education.Additionally, many students struggle with the prior knowledge deficit because of standardized testing. First of all, standardized testing takes time away from educational experience by using all the time and money on the tests. Teachers use the time on article of faith students how to become test takers, instead of educating them in different experiences of the world. In the past, schools would take students on field trips to teach them mostly about science, and social studies. However, such field tri ps cost a lot of money money that is currently being used on standardized tests. On one hand, traditional education consisted of students reading and writing to understand and explain the knowledge of the world. On the other hand, now days students are test takers, and they use their reading and writing skills for the test, middling like knowledge is used to memorize all the information without understanding it. Teachers need to focus on this method because they are evaluated by the students test scores.To summarize, prior knowledge deficit hinders students learning by taking away their educational experiences and focusing their time on standardized testing. A solution to the prior knowledge deficit is for teachers to dedicate more time on teaching students about subjects that will be used later on in further education, preferably than teaching students how to become test takers.

Smart Guys In the Room Complete Essay Example for Free

Smart Guys In the Room Complete EssayThe documentary film, the Smartest Guys In the Room was written and produced by Alex Gibney, who is also the writer and producer of Eugene Jareckis The Trials of Henry Kissinger. This documentary is mainly and exanimation of the way a corporate giant rose and fell due to financial and be malpractices by the executives of the alliance, Enron The Smartest Guys in the Room. This film documentary is based on a book written by the Fortune Magazine reporters namely Bethany McLean and Peter Elkind. It starts in the scene whereby Enron executive Cliff Baxter is re-enacted after which the films crawfish outs the viewer through a flashback whereby the chairman of Enron, Mr. Kenneth Lay is described as a person from a depressed background with his father being a preacher hence the reference of him, as a son of a preacher.The film also depicts the life of Mr. Kenneth and how he managed to rise up in his career in the corporate world, the development of various wrinkle strategies which he applied in the natural gas business and also the kind of relationship which he had with the family of the then president Bush. From the film, one is able to observe that the financial and the accounting malpractices started long time as betimes as the year 1987. During this period, various outrageous and risky practices and profit skimming were encouraged by Lay of two affairrs involved in oil barter in Enrons office at Valhalla. This was due to the reason these traders put ond to bring a lot of money to the company through the oil trade with the company. The arrival of the CEO Jeff Skilling brought extensive and aggressive form of accounting philosophy which became part of the practices of the company.From this documentary, The Smartest Guys In the Room, it can also be observed that the company went to not bad(p) lengths through various malpractices so that it could appear to profitable yet it was not. The true financial situation and po sition of the company was worse although the investors were made to believe that the company was performing well. The executives applied crude shipway of ensuring that they win at any costs. The executives of the company bare portray as ones who are more concerned with creating an picture show for the company and do not care whether the practices which they apply are acceptable and beneficial to the shareholders and even other stakeholders such as the employees of the company. The executives employed illegal ways of doing business which included offering huge contracts for their financial analysts so that they could not portray the true picture of the firm.Furthermore, the executives as observed in the documentary inflexible that the company could loan money to itself hence hiding the huge debts of the company, giving the wrong impression to investors and other stakeholders of the company. It is also observed that the company made use of the deregulation of the state of Californi a to control and manipulate the market for electricity therefore affecting the supply of electricity. The use of characters such as Mr. Kenneth who was known as a son of a preacher brings contradiction to the film, since a preachers son is never expected to involve in wrong practices precisely that is not the case.This shows the viewer that the face value of something may never always be the exact value of that particular item hence there is extremity for extensive and further investi8gation. In the film, the executives are also shown as greedy since they manage to keep for themselves riches at the expenses of everyone else who were involved with the company. The employees lost their jobs as a result of the actions and the malpractices of the executives in addition to the investors who lost their money in the company. The general depiction of the film is about capitalism which is demonstrated through the actions of the executives of Enron. The film, Smart Guys in the Room is a dem onstration that financial and accounting practices should be regulated and closely mo0nitored to avoid adverse effects on the economy. Giving a bountiful hand to a company and allowing a lot of freedom for the executives of a company may lead to practices which cause the failure and even death of a company.Capitalism has had great negative impacts on the economy of the United States since the companies were allowed to run as they please and not stringent measures and financial reporting and regulations were put in place. The documentary, Smart Guys in The Room, clearly brings out the importance of the various accounting and financial reporting standards which have been set for companies to follow. The executives of any given company must(prenominal) be held accountable for their actions and must always know that their priority goal is to provide true financial position of the company they manage. It is the duty of the investors also to take control and monitor the practices within the companies they invest in to avoid issues such as that if Enron.ReferencesEnron-The Smart Guys In the Room, (2005), viewed from www.youtube.com/watch?v=gxzLX_C9Z74 on 28th June 2014. blood document

Sichuan Province Earthquake Effects On Tourism Tourism Essay

Sichuan Province Earthquake Effects On touristry touristry EssaySichuan state of matter is located in the Sichuans plateau in the inland of Southwest China it is commonly referred to as the land of abundance. It has an enormous territory and rich in resources and is unrivaled of the most ethnically diverse argonas in China. This province has several historic and cultural sites and other infixed and manmade tourist attraction sites. The attraction sites and the famous Sichuan cuisine normally characterized by hot flavor, and incomparable beauty make the province a wonderland that attracts millions of tourists from all over the world. Sichuan is also a study industrial portion in China the province has both heavy and light industries. Plans were underway of developing this region into a high tech industrial centre.A monolithic temblor, the famous Wenchuan Earthquake with a order of 8.0 on the Richter scale, hit western Sichuan, China in 2008. According to official figures, re leased 65,185 people were confirmed dead. Over 68,636 of them were from Sichuan province, roughly 374,171 of others were reported injured and scores of others missing. Millions of people were left homeless and a lot of private and public property destroyed, the economic loss incurred was approximated to be over 1,000 billion. The earthquake extremely affected all economic sectors in the quake-hit atomic number 18as and tourism was no exception. Study of the impacts of the quake on tourism enhances the hypothesis of tourism and more than prodigiously serving as the basis for planning and policymaking.Problem statementThe earthquake is believed to adjudge killed 54 tourists in Sichuan province. During the period, over ten thousand tourists were detached and over 30 flights and 300 vehicles used to evacuate them. The tourist industry lost over $ 7.24 billion in the earthquake. With regard to the contri unlession of tourism to the regions economy, on that point flip been major reconstruction efforts after the earthquake. Destructive catastrophes, such as the Boxing Day tsunami in the Indian Ocean (2004), Hurricane Katrina (2005), the Wenchuan Earthquake (2008), the Samoan tsunami (2009), and the Haiti earthquake (2010) have lately put the limelight on inseparable disasters, with real time TV footage screening the eveningts as they unfold. International media issue warnings to tourists to stay away, tour local economies experience immediate and widespread impacts from the loss of tourism earnings, and endure many months of uncertainty before a return to anything resembling normal billet operation.Tourism coatings are highly sensitive to interruption by natural disasters because tourism operations are reliant on functioning critical infrastructure, including electricity, sewage, communications and pee lifelines which are inevitably defiled and disrupted for a prolonged period following a damaging event (Ritchie 2009). Flow-on effects from disasters also include significant disruption to the supply and distribution chains of even the most prepared businesses (Lee Harrald 1999). Economic losses are attributable to a decline in damage to infrastructure (Laws et al. 2007). The interdependencies of the tourism industry have been one of its great strengths, allowing it to rapidly expand and diversify. However, natural disasters can produce immediate, cascading failures within the tourism sector that have the ability to reverberate within communities and countries for many months and years. This study highlights physical and social impacts of large magnitude earthquakes.According to Sichuans local media, reconstruction in the Sichuan tourism sector has been separated into three levels. The initial stage was trying to attract the domesticated tourists to the quake hit areas, followed by foc use on local tourism enterprises to make global tourism market. Finally reviving the entire tourism sector by or after the year 2010 and make i t the leading sector in the region. This earthquake affected the probable tourists sciences on the Sichuan tourism many still feel that the destination is not safe enough to visit. The Sichuans tourism agency has to excrete a considerable figure to convince the potential tourists that the place is safe to travel and that the attractions are still as appealing as they were before the quake.Objectives of the enquiry StudyThe main objective of this study is to investigate the potential tourists perceptions towards the Sichuan tourism after the earthquake. This study has not been carried out there giving rise to the cognition gap that needs to be filled. The findings from this research leave alone fill this knowledge gap and add to the current literature. Findings from this study provide also be precise significant in identifying the determinants that can be changed to design the best strategies in order to attract more tourists and satisfy their needs. The Sichuan tourism indust ry is expected to remediate helpers and develop strategies to attract potential tourists and make them feel comfortable in Sichuan. Specifically the objective of this study is to help understand the potential tourists perception towards the post-earthquake Sichuan tourism, and determine what factors are considered significant by the potential tourists wanting to travel to Sichuan.Conceptual frameworkScott, N. Laws, E. (2005). Tourism crises and disasters Enhancing understanding of system effects. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, vol. 19, (3), pp. 151-160.The conceptual framework above articulates a set of complete values for disaster management strategies, to the benefit of tourism businesses and destination bureaus. This model follows a elongated crisis procedure that is pre-event, emergency, intermediate, recovery and resolution. It goes further to win insights for success in full assisting the tourism industry and the government in putting up disaster management strateg ies. Strategic murder comprise of disaster communication and control, stakeholder collaboration and resource management. The tourism industry should learn from experiences such as the Sichuan earthquake. The work of emergency organizations as well as tourism organizations become very crucial, while that of tourism enterprises is usually less critical during pre- or post crisis periods.LITERATURE REVIEW2.1. Historical background of problem areaTourism in the area accounted for 8% of county gross domestic product prior to the earthquake (Lim, 2009). The earthquake cost Sichuan province US$7 billion in lost tourism revenue (Zhiling Xianyu 2009). In contrast to the consequences of the Chi-Chi earthquake, tourism to the area rebounded in less than a year as domestic visitors flocked to see areas devastated by the quake (Lim, 2009). Government investment in the tourism industry in the region hopes to cash-in on the earthquake tourism phenomenon, with work soon taking place on the cons truction of a number of earthquake museums in the province, and a quake-relief training centre in Beichuan (Zhiling Xianyu 2008 Lim 2009). Local officials hope to ontogenesis tourism earnings to as much as 20% of regional GDP. One local Beichuan man describes his feelings about the earthquake the earthquake was a catastrophe, but it will be good for the tourist industry (Lim 2009). The travel motivations of domestic Chinese tourists include observing the power of nature, to pay their respects to the dead, and to be reminded of the vice of life (Liu 2009). According to various online news reports, as many as 19 million tourists visited Sichuan province during the National Day celebrations this year (Global Times 2009). The business of earthquake tourism, it seems, is booming in devastated parts of the epicentral region.Tourism disaster managementTourism is a deliberate and peacetime activity, is very susceptible to disparities caused by external environments that may compromise t he tourist experience (Santana, 2003). Given that perception is reality in the tourism industry, a negative image results from a catastrophe of any kind, even if inexcusable, and will hinder potential tourists and lead to negative buying behavior. Globalization exposes the tourism industry to greater political, economic, social, and technological changes (Ritchie, 2004). Meanwhile, the butterfly effect further magnifies small crises in one part of the world to other parts. Examples can be found among previous events, regardless of type, such as the Wenchuan Earthquake with a magnitude of 8.0 on the Richter scale, hit western Sichuan, China in 2008, and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami (Santana, 2003). The negative impact of crises on the tourism industry is more significant among destinations that are highly reliant on tourism as their major source of revenue.The world has become increasingly catastrophe prone (Coombs, 1999 Richardson, 1994) and all the economic sectors are on the edg e of chaos, Fink argues (1986), Researchers have provided many definitions for crisis. Faulkner (2001) contended that crises are induced by internal factors, or actions or inactions of the organizations, whereas disasters are by external forces, comprising of natural phenomena. Stafford, Yu, and Armoo (2002) further classified external factors into physical, social, and human environment. According to them natural disasters like those that earthquakes and technological failures are affiliated with crises in the former situation, and confrontations, epidemics and war are ally with crises in the latter situation.Foreign visitors atonementHartman developed a customer satisfaction concept in 1993 that consists of three constructs the cognitive, affective, and systemic (Hartman, 1993). Customer satisfaction is define by customers post-purchase assessment of service delivered and comparison of customers expectations and the actual service experience (Hunt 2007).This concept was further refined as the expectancy-disconfirmation paradigm by Oliver (2000), with four elements pre-purchase expectations, sensed performance, disconfirmation and satisfaction. Several approaches to performance analysis in tourism satisfaction such as expectation-performance, importance-performance, disconfirmation approach, and performance-only approach have been used. In terms of travel, Moutinho (1997) notes that this post-purchase construct is primarily a function of pre-travel expectations and travel experiences.Similarly, Pizam, Neumann, and Reichel (1998) define tourist satisfaction as the results of the comparison between a tourists experience at the destination visited and the expectations about the destination. Tourism researches have been interested in measuring the overall levels of tourism satisfaction with their experiences in particular destinations as well as satisfaction with specific attributes at service encounter level such as in a hotel or at an attraction. Foster (20 00) while another focus in studying tourism satisfaction is to determine satisfaction with a series of service encounters as experienced in a hotel, in a travel agency or in a tourist attraction (Macintos, 2002). Research interests in methodologies for studying tourism satisfaction have been comprehensive summarized by Kozak (2001).Tourism satisfaction with a destination has been examined as a gap analysis between pre-travel expectations and post travel experiences (Schofield, 1999).Based on the cumulative nature of tourists experiences, Scott, Tian, Wang, and Munson (2005) developed a tourism satisfaction model. Bowen and Clarke (2002) articulated a context Tourism satisfaction level can be attributed to different destination attributes including tangible produces and prices to intangible service quality and the favor of the local people (Ryan,1999). The deliveries of good core services alone cannot guarantee customer satisfaction, and overall satisfaction and repurchase intention are differentially bringd by the various service encounters experienced in a chain of service activities (John Tim 2000).Durocher (1994) argued that the speed of recovery depends on three factors the extent of damage caused by the natural disaster, the efficiency with which tourism partners bring their facilities back online, and an effective marketing message that clearly states that the destination is available to the public (Durocher). Although the first two factors concern the short immediate response, the third involves a long-term continuous process that aims to restore consumer agency. Conventional approaches to crisis management implicitly assume that the primary goal is to restore the precrisis counterpoise level. However, Faulkner and Vikulov (2001) argued that because of the lingering effect of a disaster, trying to achieve the precrisis equilibrium level could be a redundant (or suboptimal) approach with regard to long-term sustainability. The chaos created by a cri sis can therefore lead to a creative process with potential for new configurations (Faulkner Vikulov 2001). In other words, the crisis can be an opportunity for innovation, with the entranceway of new marketing campaigns and development of new products through cooperation with industry partners. These new products and marketing plans should be tailor-made to attract identified key generating markets, because resources are unendingly limited during hard times.Another important strategy is to nurture a healthy and positive relationship with the major media. From the long-term perspective, the restoration of customer confidence is the focus of post disaster recovery, and this can only be done by building a positive image of the destination (Santana, 2003). By inviting major media to visit the area affected, not only the availability of the destination is demonstrated but also the elimination of travel barriers for potential tourists.Although often associated with enjoyment, pleasure , relaxation, and safety, tourism is by nature an industry susceptible to variations in the external environment, including crises and disasters (Santana, 2003.). In times of unpredictable events, government plays an essential role in the response and recovery stages essential to minimize damage and bring life back to normal (Peterson, 1995). The reaction of government agencies and the tourism industry is a critical topic in tourism crisis management that has not yet been fully addressed (Faulkner,2001). This study represents one of the first set abouts to fill this research gap by examining the post earthquake tourists perceptions of Sichuan tourism. methodologyThe study will be a qualitative research, as the qualitative methods will be more appropriate in understanding meanings and experiences relevant to the research. numerical methods might however be used if the need arises. Qualitative methods have however, been criticized for not having the scientific firmness. Some resea rch workers have gone further in an attempt to provide systematic approaches to assess its quality. McInnins-Dittrich (1996), for example, identified several dimensions along with which the reliability of quality studies can be assessed transferability, dependability, credibility, authenticity, and conformability. Guided by the above-mentioned principles, the research will recognize the importance of providing reliable, verifiable, and credible data.The research design will involve a mixed methods approach to help understand the potential tourists perception towards the post-earthquake Sichuan Tourism. To provide an in-depth interpretation of the aims, certain variables will be identified to ensure that all data is utilized successfully to reach the goals of this study, these variables include visitor characteristics, trip characteristics, satisfaction, factors that influence the visitors decision to visit a destination, and Sichuans tourism marketing image. These variables will be fundamentally developed from the examination of previous literature, and the needs for further research as expressed by Sichuan Tourism Administration. info collectionSecondary and primary data collection methods will be used in the research study. The supplemental methods to be employed will include literature review, and policy and legislative analysis. Primary methods will include focus group discussions stakeholder consultations, and focused interviews with key informants, interviews with potential tourists in different regions and surveying the attitudes and beliefs across various regions.SurveyConsidering the questions to be answered by this research, a comprehensive social cultural instrument will be developed. Perceptions, attitudes, and thought process questionnaire (PAOQ) will be informed by literature review and the social cultural factors that are relevant to the target regions. They will also be scientifically validated before administering them across a representativ e sample in each target region. Using a likert scale, the PAOQ will be a self-reporting assessment of perceptions, attitudes and the opinions of the potential tourists that will be designed for both domestic and international tourists from different regions. The questionnaire will contain several sections post earthquake perceptions, the attitudes to the Sichuan tourism, opinion on the required action to promote the tourist attractions. The researcher hopes to administer the questionnaires within group settings.Sampling method will be used for the PAOQ. The researcher aims to administer 500 questionnaires across the targeted regions. The questionnaires distribution will depend on the regions population with regions with the high population getting more questionnaires. The researcher also aims for 50-50 original of the males and females. The key variable will include sexual urge, education, socioeconomic status, age and rural/ urban.Data analysisThe researcher will then analyze the PAOQ data using the statistics package for social sciences version 16. The given variables will be analyzed and their contribution to the topic measured. Frequencies will be used to provide the statistics and graphical displays that will be useful in describing the variables to be measured. Cross tabulation, method will also be employed to measure the association of variables. To investigate the possible gender effects, ANOVAs test will be used and conducted between the men and the women on all dependent variables. Differences between the childhood sexual abuse group and the non- childhood sexual abuse group in interpersonal, social, and dynamic personality will be examined using a one-way ANOVA test. The researcher however has the designate to use any other data analysis technique depending on the kind of data that will be obtained from the fieldSummaryThis chapter has described the methodological approaches that will be used to investigate the main objectives of this study. Bot h objectives will predominantly use qualitative method but where need be the quantifiable methods will be employed. It also explains how data will be collected that is through primary and secondary methods. Further describes the researchers survey. Finally, the methods and tolls of data analysis are fully explained research findings and interpretation will be discussed in the next chapter.SECTION 5 BUDGETIn order to complete this research, certain amount of budget will be required and the estimate cost is as belowAMOUNT(AUD)ITEMSUSD 400.00Computer and Econometric Software1.USD 300.00Conference , accommodation and travel2.USD 600.00Data Collection , travelling cost ,Stationeries and data analysis3.USD 1300.00TOTALSECTION 6 TIMELINEMARC,2010-APRIL,2011MARC,2011-APRIL,2012MARC,2012-APRIL,2013QTR1QTR2QTR3QTR4QTR1QTR2QTR3QTR4QTR1QTR2QTR3QTR4Candidature ProposalLiterature Review figure 1* course 2*Phase3*Thesis Write Up Final Touch UPSubmissionPhase1* Data collectionPhase 2* Data Analys isPhase 3* Thesis Starts to Write up

The Marketing Communication Plan Marketing Essay

The Marketing Communication Plan Marketing EssayWith the background allegeation I shake off been devoted in this assignment, I have created a key objective for the health and bodily physical fitness centre where I volition gather a fib that reviews and analyses the merchandise communications activities also outlines rememberations for future communications activities. My aim at first place is to increase the number of members, I give also propose to procedure much personal selling to develop new accounts, this will increase the amount of trials and encourage other members to cave in a fitness union and be made aw ar of other promotions.Like many fitness hunting lodges devote themselves to schedule a merchandising design, research shows that promoting for health club is managed by development telephone (telemarketing) Radio (radio advertising) Biz (business membership programs) Mail (direct mail and email marketing), TV (cable advertising) News (newspaper advertisin g), etc ( showtime fitness360). These tools have been tested and proven that promotion is custom intentional in particular relation with demographics region, time of the season, legitimate members, male-female ratio and other information gathered from clubs profile before starting of the promotion. When analyzing them all together by designing multiple exposures marketing programs to achieve the campaign, Ill fire to employ a pull up strategy, with or so prospects aged between 10- 25 more often than not targeting primary school, and college to offer them go that encourage students. This group has most dispatch leisure time and most disposable income to spend on visiting a fitness club ever since most schools and colleges do not have the health and fitness service in their premises. This will also reinforce current members beliefs and help create loyalty which could aspire them to theatrical role a fitness club at some point in the future. Ill also invoke targeting the affor dable sector of the market with a competitive pricing, including off-peak membership and low joining fees. Ill make the affair of the PEST analysis to analyse extraneous impacts on the health and fitness club that requires examining political, economic, social and technological environments.PoliticalIn the UK and worldwide government policy has strength influence to the market, specific initiatives could realize the industry but theres also a broader push on the part of the government to try and sanction healthy eating and exercise, possibly resulting in more pot seeking gym membership. Early this year the government encouraged populate to get fit ahead of the Olympic to come.EconomicThe economic factors much(prenominal) as utilities expenditures and wage rates will affect numerous aspects of any fitness club in the UK, the fitness constitutes will rise and members may need to prioritise their spending as cuts are made on their disposable income, especially in the prospect group. Not a fold of mountain are willing to spend much in the fitness club when they could on their own practice physical exercise at home, however price will be reviewed in array to well compete in the market and encourage subscribers to join a fitness club.SocialLifestyle factors such(prenominal)(prenominal) as product in convenience foods and home entertainment have resulted in more muddy lifestyles consumption levels of alcohol are rising which will way out gym participation and subscription. In todays celebrity cultures theres lots of pressure to looking better in the social life and have better way this has influenced the levels of people who want to improve themselves such as some men that are influence to build six pact bodies to attract more females and such are also the desire of some women encourage their men not to be obese.TechnologicalIts important that the health and fitness club have up to date machines to compete with others and satisfy the needs of the memb ers. However I will also use technology to target the open in an effective way, textbook messages with special offers and online free trial vouchers and also create a page on the socials engagement.(source 2.warwick)Task2. Marketing communications mixThe first element of my strategy is the plenty for health and fitness club, which is to ensure the quality of the fitness club, in which the communities get its service, where my goal is to maximize earnings. My mission is to create a winning strategy that is unique. all(prenominal) fitness and health club plans is designed base on the personal exercise and nutrition history, past and presents events. In order to accomplish the marketing communications mix I will outline my strategy in more details and then pose forth my marketing communication mix to speech pattern more on my ambition. The strategy section will be divided into discussions around objectives, message, and media.Objectives The strategic objective will aim to provid e the fitness club consumers, access to sport and exercise opportunities to the top aim facilities by adopting a healthy lifestyle. A physical activity and exercise will be co-ordinated into the curriculum wherever possible, The fitness club will work with its local anaesthetic partners in education and people to share information, knowledge, skills and expertise, for example with schools, Higher Education and local employers through the arrangement of work placements for students and will share good practice at national competitive sporting events.The fitness will give services to support pupils progressing from school to college a unique opportunity to consolidate good experiences or to re-engage those who have had a less positive experience. Allowing students to actively engage in recreation and extracurricular activities, including sport, when activities are discovered and adult habits are formed they will still be on the go to be familiar with the fitness centre, with a give n benefit to ensure that all students have access to develop healthy and physically active.With the local customers of the fitness club, promotion will be given, such as free weekly passes to the members, allowing them to lift friends and close relatives, which could attract some new subscriber, with a discount packages to the current member that manage to bring friends, promote a fitness fair, by having an open house for the unexclusive to give free passes.Set up drop-boxes in a few public places advertising a chance to win a free 3 months membership, this will allow people to obtain contact names and numbers. Give people a call and put forward them a free 7-day pass, and have a drawing for the grand prize.Message My message should sound making filmy statements to draw the attention of people in belief of my commercial messages organizing a public speaking and fitness group will means getting people together to motivate each other by allowing people to be aware of what we are at tend to do and reminding them of our existence. However getting out and diffusion words concerning the fitness club, is one way to promote fitness and organizing a fitness group is to explain in more details the importance of physical activity, therefore public speaking may be one way to get the word out to the public and sedentary friends and co-workers. To achieve this, Ill suggest the use of current staff and get them trained and have sufficient knowledge to encouraging people to subscribe, by telling their own experiences regarding the good effect since they joined the fitness club and how you got to be physically fit, they should also mention how fitness has changed their lives. Go over the benefits of physical fitness such as slant loss, improved self-esteem, and renewed energy. All of these could be done by demonstrating the good facilities that are there to encourage people, by joining the health centre, and why choosing to join us whiles other health centres are still the re? In so doing, people will understand my overall message, where the key point is to promote exercise, consistency and offer support and encouragement, and then for sure people might now develop the need to join the health and fitness centre.( source sales-and-marketing-for-you)Media when hoping to bring a new product or in my case to promote a new service that will be ruining in fitness club, you need to carefully consider possible ways to promote your product. Being excited about the new services is fine but having to get the public excited about it will be the most important aspect, if the aims are to make money. However, using different mediums such as Radio, Bus, TV, public speaking, and social network are welcome (source ehow).The key point illustrating on marketing communication mix is to create strategies and tactics goals around each stages of the sales process. As the growth of customer improve from side to side of the stages from unaware to aware, interested, evaluation and purchase, the message and communication tools, uses on every single stage needs to link into where the customers are in the journey and what sort of information will help them progress to the next stage. Specifically focusing on internet and face to face marketing in order to increase brand awareness. The adverts will show the benefits of healthy lifestyles, giving the consumer the idea about getting in shape. However Population trends by socio economic group are an important influence on ability and prosperity to spend on fitness club membership. Consumers from the socio economic groups are the most promising to use health and fitness clubs regularly, most are light TV viewers so this medium is not an effective target, Radio is likely to be more effective. (Source sales-and-marketing-for-you).The use of social media has exploded in recent years as a way to raise awareness and generate free traffic. This is a very broad term which includes sites and services such as Twitter, Fa cebook, MySpace, YouTube, and many others. The main advantages of tapping into the power of social media are that it is free and that your message has the potential to go viral and reach a huge amount of people without additional effort. The negative effect in social media is how to avoid being considered a spammer. The key to successfully promote services in social media is to provide content that is worth enough, that people really want to follow and take your advice when you recommend services that they are looking the most to get, for instance a page address will be create and give some brief bill of what we do, who we are and what are the benefits of joining us, there shall be a drop up mail for people to leave note and comments, consistency survey will be on the site for people to tell us what they think, where improvement could be done to still attract subscribers.( source clickbank)Task3. Marketing communication planThe section shields the strategic day to day aspects of se tting up my plan into action, where the use of my judgment and discretion on deciding how to schedule and plan activities, figure costs and measuring progress will be outlined.The cost of the marketing will certainly play a big part in what I am particularize to do. Bad sales and marketing is as a general announcement focused on no one in particular. In order to maximize a huge return profit, it is always good to approach the marketing plan with consideration and not devote a lot of money on a single marketing channel or campaign. I will instead try to shape up a range of successful publicity approaches over a time, I will also outline its cost, and how much money will I have to spend on advertising campaign? How long and how much each communication method will be balanced against the marketing communication budget. I will at first place, be concerned about the break-even point before developing any sales and marketing program, including advertising cost. I will also settle out h ow much is each new customer and exiting customer worth to the fitness club? When observing the lifetime value of the health and fitness club subscriber, I will use approximation such as figuring out, how long each customer stays with the fitness club, where the contract will be given for 1-3 years for the new subscribers. Once I know the number and frequency of sales I derived from the average customer, I can then use profit margin to estimate how much each customer worths to the fitness club and how many customers is needed to obtain the specific marketing campaign, in order to consider it as a success However, focusing on 4 different medium as a starter, to promote my new services, I rig that the cost for ITV 1 channel per day in Yorkshire is of 411, the cost of Local Radio Station is of 40 per week with 8 short spot adverts of 15 seconds per day and the cost of transport advertising is of 159 per week ( Source Blackboard). My message needs to reach customers, therefore the out home advertising buses will be these that are seen on high street shops and go to different places of the city, where middle and junior management of the social class are living. Based on my research, I will therefore recommend 4 weeks of advertising on radio which worths 160 a whole month , 4 week buses advertising with the cost of 636 the month and 4 Sundays advertising on ITV 1 as most weekends, especially on Sunday people stay home and get modernise for the coming week, where they will be target on the daytime services of 11am to be aware of the services from the fitness club at the cost of 1644, the agree average budget for the advertising will be estimated at the price of 2440 for a whole month .Personal selling This is the most frighten as well as the most costly methods in the marketing communication process. Nevertheless, as small business we are, it also can be the most honor aspects of my marketing process. Just as with usual marketing, good selling practice begins and ends with the customer. My whole objective is to remind the local area about the existence of the club, inform them about the new services that will be taking place in the health centre However, due to the huge volumes of fitness club, Well place ourselves from other fitness and health centre, by determining their needs and create the best solution for customers and then persuade them to subscribe with us.ReportExecutive measure StatementTo Brand Spanking Agency29/10/2012I Daniel Kevin AMATCHA, I am please to submit my report describing on how I intend to promote the fitness and health club.The purpose of this report was to gather sufficient information to render professional opinion about advertising your health and fitness club. This assessment includes research and figures concerning the cost of the whole month budget when using the mass media to promote the fitness club however. I have also include the PEST analysis, which is an effective way to analyse external impacts on the health and fitness club, and planned the strategic action that will be of good use for the marketing communications mix as I separated into discussions around objectives, message, and media.I have also introduced a marketing communication plan on how to work side with the marketing mix, which I have designed along with its schedule and plan activities including the cost of the advertising. You may also find underneath of my report the weekly statement budget and the chosen mediums to promote your health and fitness club for a month period.Statement of weekly budgetWeeksweek 1week 2week 3week 4TotalCommunications ToolsRadio40.0040.0040.0040.00160.00ITV 1411.00411.00411.00411.001,644.00Bus159.00159.00159.00159.00636.00Other costsTotal610.00610.00610.00610.002,440.00If you should have any question please contact me onemailprotectedID Num 33287677SincerelyDaniel Kevin AMATCHAAccount ExecutiveBibliographiesSource fitness360//campaign types// services/ sales and promotions// 2012 fitness marketing systems // http//www.fitness360online.com/fitness-marketing-services/on-site-membership-promotions viewed on the 24/10/12Source 2.warwick//fitnessfirst//pdf//context analysis and promotional//http//www2.warwick.ac.uk/alumni/services/eportfolios/bsqjfb/fitnessfirst.pdf viewed on the 17/10/12Source sales-and-marketing-for-you//marketing communication plan//Copyright 2012//http//www.sales-and-marketing-for-you.com/marketing-communication-plan.htmlviewed on the 17/10/12Source ehow//ways-promote-new-product//http//img.ehowcdn.com/author-avatar/studio-image/ver1.0/Content/images/store/0/5/10f337f6-807a-4881-a57c-27efbd75408f.Small.jpg by Larry Amon//http//www.ehow.com/way_5162681_ways-promote-new-product.html viewed on the 17/10/12Larry Amon Larry Amon has been working in the computer field for more than 10 years and has experience writing scripts, instructional articles and political commentary. He has been published online, as well as in NRB powder store and Delmarva Youth Family. He started a nonprofit media organization in 2000. Source clickbank//common ways to promote products//http//www.clickbank.com/help/affiliate-help/affiliate-guides/common-ways-to-promote-products/Source Blackboard//x-stream.leedsmet.ac.uk//http//x-stream.leedsmet.ac.uk/webapps/portal/frameset.jsp?tab_tab_group_id=_2_1url=%2Fwebapps%2Fblackboard%2Fexecute%2Flauncher%3Ftype%3DCourse%26id%3D_33250_1%26url%3D Viewed on the22/10/12Source myadbase// guide//advertising radio station//http//myadbase.com/guide_final.php?page=advertising_radio_station viewed on the 20/10/12Source ukbusiness// UK Business forums// Business forums// ordinary business forum//http//www.ukbusinessforums.co.uk/forums/showthread.php?t=49219 viewed on the 26/10/12Source outdooradvertisingltd//Bus stop advertising// http//www.outdooradvertisingltd.co.uk/pages/bus-stop-advertising.php viewed on the 26/10/12Source sunriseradio// advertising// http//www.sunriseradio.fm/innerpage.php?rank=2 viewed on the 24/10/1 2

Immunosorbent Assay in a Synacthen Test

Immunosorbent Assay in a Synac beca handling TestIntroductionIn this practical, an immunosorbent render was performed to determine the outcome of a Synacthen test. This test is used to assess adrenal gland functions. It is routinely used to diagnose adrenal lack and other associate conditions. It works by giving a affected role a dose of synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (Synacthen) in the morning subsequently taking a baseline serum essay. The Synacthen will normally stimulate the adrenal glands to produce hydrocortisone. Further serum pattern are taken post dose (after 30 and 60 transactions) to determine if there is an expected increase in hydrocortisone levels. If there is no reaction from the adrenal glands (low levels of cortisol), the patient is then diagnosed with adrenal inadequateness (Ref).The levels of cortisol are measured by using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay). This method uses circumstantial mo noclonal antibodies that target cortisol. These antibodies are coated to the plate, once the sample is in contact with the antibodies, the cortisol present in the sample will bind to the specific coated antibodies to form an antibody-antigen complex (Ab-Ag complex). This complex is then bounds to a petty(a) detection antibody which is coupled to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). This secondary antibody creates a faded signal in the presence of TMB substrate delinquent to the HRP. The reaction is then stopped with a stop solution and the glum signal base then be detected by a spectrophotometer. The intensity of the signal is correlative to the assimilation of Ab-Ag complexes.Materials96 puff up platePipette and tipsPrimary antibodyPatient serum sample x6 (2 samples per patient)Secondary antibodyWash bufferTMB substrateHydrochloric acid HCl (stop solution) exfoliation readerMethodFirstly, a first washing step was performed on the pre-coated plate. This was done by adding 200l of wash buffer to each well of the provided pre-coated plate. The plate was then emptied and the gently tapped on a cloth until all the buffer was removed. This was performed 3 metres in a row.Then, 100l of the samples were added to a separate well in duplicate and the plate was left to incubate at room temperature for 30 minutes.After the incubation at room temperature, a second washing step was performed.100l of the secondary antibody was then added to each well and the plate was left to incubate for 60 minutes at room temperature.After incubation, a third washing step was performed.100l of TMB substrate was added to each well and the reaction was left to develop for 15 minutes.Finally, 100l of stop solution (HCl) was added to each well to stop the reaction and the plate was read at 450nm on the plate reader.ResultsThe results below were provided to translate the cortisol levels of the 3 patientsTable 1. Provided results stock(a)sCortisol nMAbsorbance00.046500.0602000.1325000.20075 00.33910000.482 models and internal quality controlsSampleAbsorbanceIQC10.052IQC20.161IQC30.241Patient 1 Sample 10.081Patient 1 Sample 20.263Patient 2 Sample 10.069Patient 2 sample 20.138Patient 3 sample 10.050Patient 3 sample 20.049By using the results provided from the standards, a standard curve bottom of the inning be plotted.Figure 1. Standard curve of the absorbance over the concentrationThen, by extrapolating the known absorbance from the QCs and samples, corresponding concentrations heap be determined as shown below.Table 3. Quality control resultsQC (45 nmol/L)QC (315 nmol/L)QC (520 nmol/L)absorbance0.0520.1610.241concentration48.47302.75489.37 slash %7.717850443.8894425.889947428The accuracy of the controls is calculated as absolute bias (% RE, where relative error RE = measured value actual value/ actual value). The bias is within the 20% range for every quality control meaning that the assay is accurate and that the results generated from the assay are validated (De s ilva EMEA).Finally, by extrapolating the provided absorbance of the samples on the standard curve, a corresponding concentration can be determined.Table 4. Sample resultssample 1 (t=1)sample 1 (t=2)sample 2 (t=1)sample 2 (t=2)sample 3 (t=1)sample 3 (t=2)Absorbance0.0810.2630.0690.1380.050.049Concentration (nmol/L)116.12540.6988.13249.0943.8141.47DiscussionAs draw earlier, assays measuring cortisol levels in the blood are used to interpret Synacthen tests. In this case, 3 patients had undergone a synacthen test, a baseline serum sample and a second serum sample taken after 30 minutes post synacthen dose were taken. The samples were analysed and the cortisol levels were determined for each sample. Using the results obtained from the cortisol assay, a clinical interpretation can be done.According to guidelines, adrenal insufficiency is ruled out if the immoral cortisol level is greater than 180 nmol/L, if the increase of cortisol levels 30 minutes post dose is greater than 200nmol/L or if the maximum serum cortisol level is greater than 500-600nmol/L (reference ranges vary depending on the laboratory) (https//www.nbt.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/Short%20Synacthen%20Test.pdf)( http//www.pathology.leedsth.nhs.uk/dnn_bilm/Investigationprotocols/Synacthentestsshortlong/StandardShortSynacthenTest.aspx)( http//www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/cortisol-146682) (https//cks.nice.org.uk/addisons-diseasediagnosisadditional).Patient 1 is a 65 year old staminate which performed a synacthen test after a surgery to remove a pituitary tumour to assess the adrenal functions. The baseline cortisol levels at time 0 minutes was 116.2nmol/L and the cortisol levels after 30 minutes post dose was 540.69nmol/L. Following the guidelines, this patient does not suffer from adrenal insufficiency even though his main(a) cortisol levels are lower than 180nmol/L. This low basal level can be explained because part of the pituitary was removed due to a tumour, meaning that the ACTH signal from the pituitary gland to the adrenal cortex will be diminished, therefore the basal cortisol level is decreased. only if since the cortisol levels at 30 minutes have increased by much than 200nmol/L and are above 500nmol/L, it can be determined that the Synacthen response is normal.Patient 2 is an asthmatic 15 year old female that performed a synacthen test following a long term steroid treatment. Her basal cortisol level measured was 88.13nmol/L followed by a 30 minute cortisol level of 249nmol/L. Following the guidelines, it can be said that this patient suffers from adrenal insufficiency. This diagnostic is given since the increase in cortisol levels after 30 minutes post synacthen dose is below 200nmol/L, furthermore, the cortisol levels at 30 minutes is greatly below 500nmol/L.The 3rd and final patient is a 38 year old male, admitted to AE after collapsing. His cortisol levels at the time were described as low. Following the synacthen test, the results showed that the basal cortiso l level was 43.81nmol/L and the cortisol level after 30 minutes was 41.27nmol/L. According to the guidelines, this patient is suffering from adrenal insufficiency. This diagnosis is determined since the basal cortisol level is below 180nmol/L plus there is no increase in cortisol levels 30 minutes post dose (there is a decrease even), therefore remaining below normal cortisol levels.This practical used a sandwich ELISA method, a sandwich ELISA uses a primary antibody (capture antibody) coated on a plate, this antibody binds to the antigen present in the sample,in this case the antigen is cortisol. The antigen is then bound to a secondary antibody (detection antibody). In other words, the antigen is sandwiched between the antibodies (see figure 2 step 3). This can only be done if the antigen has at least two antigenic epitopes that can bind to the antibodies. This method has various advantages compared to other ELISA techniques such as the direct method. For example, the sandwich met hod does not get for the sample to be purified forwards analysis, also, this technique offers a high sensitivity compared to the direct ELISA technique.Figure 2. Sandwich ELISA schematic (http//www.elisa-antibody.com/ELISA-Introduction/ELISA- typesetters cases/sandwich-elisa)As shown above the antibody in step 1 is the capture antibody which is coated to the plate prior to the addition of the sample. Step 2 shows the antigen present in the sample binding to the specific capture antibody before organism bound to the detection antibody in step 3. Step 4 and 5 show the addition of the secondary antibody which binds to the detection antibody to then create a coloured signal when in presence of the correct substrate. This signal is then measured spectrophotometrically.Another widely used ELISA method is the competitive method. This method is varied to the sandwich ELISA since the detection of the antigen or antibody is done in a different approach. The main advantage of using a compet itive ELISA is that an antigen can be detected even though the sample is crude or impure.Figure 3. competitive ELISA schematic (http//www.elisa-antibody.com/index.php?page=competitive-elisa)It works on the precept that the more antigen/antibody present in the sample, the less coloured signal will be produced. The antigen or antibody bound to the plate will bind to the specific antibody or antigen present in the sample. A detection antibody is then added, this detection antibody will only bind to the antigen or antibody that was originally bound to the plate, and cannot bind to the antigen/antibody from the sample (it is specific to the plate-bound antigen/antibody). Therefore, the added antibody/antigen and the antigen/antibody present in the sample are in competition for the plate-coated antigen or antibody. Only the detection antibody added after the sample will produce a coloured signal in presence of the correct substrate. This creates a change in intensity of the coloured resul t depending on the amount of antigen/antibody in the sample. The amount of antigen/antibody in the sample will decrease the intensity of the signal.This practical used wells coated with monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies are identical antibodies produced from a single type of B cell. These identical B cells produce antibodies that present only one unique epitope. These cells are isolated and grown to multiply the production of these single epitope antibodies. The characteristics of these monoclonal antibodies offer a very high specificity since there is only a single epitope, minimizing cross reactivity with different epitope presenting antibodies. These antibodies are preferred in assays which require quantification due to the high specificity.Another type of antibody that can be used in immunoassays are polyclonal antibodies. These antibodies, unlike monoclonal antibodies, originate from various types of B cells. They can recognize more than one epitope of an antigen or antibody. Technically, individual polyclonal antibodies are monoclonal antibodies, they therefore have the same characteristics as mentioned earlier. They can bind to specific epitopes on an antigen/antibody. But since there are many different types of monoclonal antibodies present (polyclonal), the antigen can be detected by binding the antibodies to different epitopes present on the antigen. Polyclonal antibodies have various advantages, for example, production is less expensive and quicker than producing monoclonal antibodies since the specificity is not as important. The use of polyclonal antibodies is preferred in assays that require less specificity, more robustness, stability, sensitivity for detecting small amounts of antigen and time constrained protocols.Conclusion Immunosorbent assays are widely-used in clinical laboratories to detect compounds in samples. They are highly sensitive, specific and coherent which makes them a great tool in a clinical laboratory. There are d ifferent types of enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), each with its own way of detecting the antigen/antibody. The use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies varies depending on the antigen/antibody needing to be detected and they both come with their own advantages and disadvantages. One of these ELISA methods can be used to detect and measure cortisol levels in serum samples. By performing a synacthen test, a set of serum samples from a patient can be drawn before and after administering a dose of synthetic ACTH. By measuring cortisol levels in these samples, an assessment of adrenal functions can be made. This test helps diagnose adrenal insufficiencies and disorders connect to it.

The Use Of The Internet In Mar :: essays research papers

Computing (IT)- essayby matthew footeWill the internet keep the U.K competitive in a world market, in terms of industry?Recently there has been emphasis for electronic commerce. Judging by IBMs recent advertising campaign you would be forgiven for thinking that launching a company website leads to instant profits. IBM s portrayal of a grandmother taking her olive oil business from rural Greece into global markets neatly demonstrates the potential of the internet for huge exposure and trade without the barriers of geography and at a lower cost. Unlocking this potential for any business in the U.K and elsewhere is no easy matter. Although several large firms in the U.K are now making real impact through e-commerce, although examples of profits being made in small and mediocre (SME) sized businesss are few and far between.Even though the effects of the internet on U.Ks industry can only be predicted at this primaeval stage, there squander been incentives (rewards) offered to sever al SMEs generating business with their websites by the government. Firms with no more then 250 employees where asked to show how they had used e-commerce to increase efficiency or to boost their sales. The reasonable investment that created a profit among the ten regional winners was around 20000 pounds with the cheapest being 10000 pounds, all the companies testified to the need for expert help.Such expense results from the need to have an aesthetically pleasing website which offers in depth analysis whilst maintaining a user friendly aspect. The site must encourage people to explore and revisit and its posture on the internet needs to be developed, which generally requires the advice of a specialist.At present time in the U.K the internet is used mainly for business to business activity with less emphasis on customer intervention. One of the main reasons for this is the transport costs, a business will normally order batch which would muddle it worth while were as customers onl y demand 1 or 2 goods. The idea of supplying customers with intangible goods, such as music, computer games/ programmes, software system upgrades etc. is becoming increasingly more popular.A telephone poll carried out across Britain based on 4000 calls found that while 39% of internet users have bought clothes by mail, only 13% would be willing to buy clothes on-line and only 2% have actually do so. 70% had never bought anything on-line - many assumptions can be drawn from these statistics i.

No Child Left Behind Essay example -- Education Teaching Learning Essa

No peasant Left BehindAs students in a Structure & Philosophy class, one of the main components has been to usher in and familiarize us with the No Child Left Behind Act. President Bush passed this legislation on January 8, 2002. The NCLB Act was designed to ensure each and each student the right to a fair education, to give parents more options in their childs education, and to guarantee all teachers are extremely qualified. By extremely qualified, the act means teachers must energize at least a bachelors degree, have full state certification or licensure, and have demonstrated competence in their subject areas (US Dept. of Education). Making the Grade, which was published in the Salt Lake Tribune in September of this year, is an article arguing the negative sides of the No Child Left Behind Act. Through this article, a majority of the discussion regarded the budgeting involved with NCLB. This article calls No Child Left Behind a one-size-fits-all formula for astir(p) ed ucation in America (Making the Grade). According to President Bush, the NCLB Act is the cornerstone of his administration (Salt Lake Tribune). Like with any legislation, however, come both positive and negative sides. As argued in Making the Grade, the No Child Left Behind Act seeks to reduce gaps in testing areas that have allowed kids to advance without having high-quality skills in subjects such as math and reading. By discovering what kids are slipping through the gaps in testing, it go away be easier for schools to aid these students and make sure they are not left behind. another(prenominal) main goals of this act include to find teachers who are not well educated in the subjects they are currently teaching, and to locate those schools who fail t... ... Act highly overweigh the few negative sides of the act, such as the supposed lack of funding as pointed out in Making the Grade. With time and patience, I feel everyone will see the benefits of this act and will be sup portive of a brighter future of education in the US. Works CitedMaking the Grade. Salt Lake Tribune. 14 Sept. 2003. 30 Oct. 2003. http//web.lexisnexis.com/ public/document?_m=e639f774e6d2737990eb1dcaeec86e34&_docnum=92&wchp=dGLbVlbzSkVA&_md5=66c0907fb6980f1de15959b46cf292a4 US Department of Education. Choices for Parents. 8 November 2003. http//www.ed.gov/nclb/choice/index.html?src=ovUS Department of Education. No Child Left Behind. 8 November 2003. http//www.ed.gov/nclb/landing.jhtmlUS Department of Education. No Child Left Behind. 8 November 2003. http//www.ed.gov/nclb/accountability/ayp/testing.html